Comparison of radiative transfer schemes for the calculation of heating rates in the atmosphere of Mars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen-Chen ◽  
Santiago Pérez-Hoyos ◽  
Agustín Sánchez-Lavega
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Dust Aerosol ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Radiation Fields ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

<p><span>The ubiquitous dust aerosol particles in the atmosphere of Mars play a main role on the behaviour and evolution of its climate. By absorbing and scattering the incoming solar radiation, they modify the atmospheric thermal structure and dynamics. Dust radiative forcing calculations are of high relevance to understand Mars' overall atmospheric dynamics. The accuracy in determining internal radiation fields and the resulting atmospheric heating/cooling rates contribute to the uncertainties in these calculations.</span></p><p><span>Radiative transfer schemes using 2-stream approximations are widely implemented in multiple Mars’ dynamical models and Global Circulation Models (GCMs). The uncertainties associated to this approximation are related to neglecting details of dust particles’ scattering phase function: the higher the number of streams considered, the better the accuracy of the scheme, although there is a persistent trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. The objective of this work is to evaluate the accuracy of dust aerosol radiative forcing estimations in the Martian atmosphere by multiple-stream schemes.</span></p><p><span>Several scenarios covering the different atmospheric conditions during the Martian Year were simulated with different radiative transfer models, as well as other high-opacity dust storm scenarios. The atmosphere was discretised into 50 levels from 0 to 100 km, with atmospheric variables loaded from LMD’s Mars Climate Database (MCD). The visible and infrared spectral regions were divided into 12 bands, covering from 0.24 to 1,000 μm. Gaseous opacities were calculated with the correlated-k method, with absorption data retrieved from HITRAN. Dust aerosol radiative properties were derived using the wavelength-dependent properties reported by Wolff et al. (2006, 2009), with vertical distributions following a Conrath profile, and assuming a well-mixed dust scenario. Particle size (effective radius) and column dust opacity were given values to characterise every scenario. Finally, the calculated internal radiation fields and heating/cooling rates with the two-stream approximation code were compared with 4, 8, 16 and 32-stream solutions using the discrete ordinates method (DISORT).</span></p><p><span>The comparison of the results with respect to the 32-stream model shows heating rate underestimations with average differences of about 2.7, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.1 K/sol for the 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-stream models, respectively. Such differences tend to be larger when there is more dust is loaded into the atmosphere. On the other hand, the average computational times for 1 sol using the 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-stream schemes are about 15, 25, 40 and 135 times longer than the 2-stream scheme, respectively.</span></p><p><span>Future research prospects include the implementation of multiple-stream DISORT codes in Mars’ mesoscale dynamical models to investigate the accuracy of simulations of the atmospheric effects generated by local and regional dust storms.</span></p>

scholarly journals Dust aerosol radiative effects during summer 2012 simulated with a coupled regional aerosol–atmosphere–ocean model over the Mediterranean

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 25351-25410 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Nabat ◽  
S. Somot ◽  
M. Mallet ◽  
M. Michou ◽  
F. Sevault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Dust Aerosol ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Climate System Model ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Daily Variability ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

Abstract. The present study investigates the effects of aerosols on the Mediterranean climate daily variability during summer 2012. Simulations have been carried out using the coupled regional climate system model CNRM-RCSM5 which includes prognostic aerosols, namely desert dust, sea salt, organic, black-carbon and sulfate particles, in addition to the atmosphere, land surface and ocean components. An evaluation of the dust aerosol scheme of CNRM-RCSM5 has been performed against in-situ and satellite measurements. This scheme shows its ability to reproduce the spatial and temporal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Mediterranean region in summer 2012. Observations from the TRAQA/ChArMEx campaign also show that the model correctly represents dust vertical and size distributions. Thus CNRM-RCSM5 can be used for aerosol–climate studies over the Mediterranean. Here we focus on the effects of dust particles on surface temperature and radiation daily variability. Surface shortwave aerosol radiative forcing variability is found to be more than twice higher over regions affected by dust aerosols, when using a prognostic aerosol scheme instead of a monthly climatology. In this case downward surface solar radiation is also found to be better reproduced according to a comparison with several stations across the Mediterranean. Moreover, the radiative forcing due to the dust outbreaks also causes an extra cooling in land and sea surface temperatures. A composite study has been carried out for 14 stations across the Mediterranean to identify more precisely the differences between dusty days and the set of all the days. Observations show that dusty days receive less radiation at the surface and are warmer than average because of southwesterly fluxes often generating dust outbreaks. Only the simulation using the prognostic aerosol scheme is found to reproduce the observed intensity of the dimming and warming on dusty days. Otherwise, the dimming is underestimated and the warming overestimated.

scholarly journals Aerosol solar radiative forcing near the Taklimakan Desert based on radiative transfer and regional meteorological simulations during the Dust Aerosol Observation-Kashi campaign

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 10845-10864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Zhengqiang Li ◽  
Wenyuan Chang ◽  
Yang Ou ◽  
Philippe Goloub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Dust Aerosol ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Taklimakan Desert ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
The Taklimakan Desert ◽  
Aerosol Parameters

Abstract. The Taklimakan Desert is a main and continuous source of Asian dust particles causing significant direct radiative effects, which are commonly quantified by the aerosol solar radiative forcing (ASRF). To improve the accuracy of estimates of dust ASRF, the Dust Aerosol Observation-Kashi (DAO-K) campaign was carried out near the Taklimakan Desert in April 2019. The objective of the DAO-K campaign is to provide crucial parameters needed for the calculation of ASRF, such as dust optical and microphysical properties, vertical distribution, and surface albedo. The ASRF was calculated using radiative transfer (RT) simulations based on the observed aerosol parameters, additionally considering the measured atmospheric profiles and diurnal variations of surface albedo. As a result, daily average values of ASRF of −19 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere and −36 W m−2 at the bottom of the atmosphere were derived from the simulations conducted during the DAO-K campaign. Furthermore, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), with assimilation of measurements of the aerosol optical depth and particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and 10 µm (PM10), is employed to estimate the dust ASRF for comparison. The results of the ASRF simulations (RT and WRF-Chem) were evaluated using ground-based downward solar irradiance measurements, which have confirmed that the RT simulations are in good agreement with simultaneous observations, whereas the WRF-Chem estimations reveal obvious discrepancies with the solar irradiance measurements.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of aerosol radiative effects to different mixing assumptions in the AEROPT 1.0 submodel of the EMAC atmospheric-chemistry–climate model

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2503-2516 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Klingmüller ◽  
B. Steil ◽  
C. Brühl ◽  
H. Tost ◽  
J. Lelieveld
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Mixing Rule ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
Internal Mixing ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

Abstract. The modelling of aerosol radiative forcing is a major cause of uncertainty in the assessment of global and regional atmospheric energy budgets and climate change. One reason is the strong dependence of the aerosol optical properties on the mixing state of aerosol components, such as absorbing black carbon and, predominantly scattering sulfates. Using a new column version of the aerosol optical properties and radiative-transfer code of the ECHAM/MESSy atmospheric-chemistry–climate model (EMAC), we study the radiative transfer applying various mixing states. The aerosol optics code builds on the AEROPT (AERosol OPTical properties) submodel, which assumes homogeneous internal mixing utilising the volume average refractive index mixing rule. We have extended the submodel to additionally account for external mixing, partial external mixing and multilayered particles. Furthermore, we have implemented the volume average dielectric constant and Maxwell Garnett mixing rule. We performed regional case studies considering columns over China, India and Africa, corroborating much stronger absorption by internal than external mixtures. Well-mixed aerosol is a good approximation for particles with a black-carbon core, whereas particles with black carbon at the surface absorb significantly less. Based on a model simulation for the year 2005, we calculate that the global aerosol direct radiative forcing for homogeneous internal mixing differs from that for external mixing by about 0.5 W m−2.

scholarly journals Improved estimate of global dust radiative forcing using a coupled chemical transport-radiative transfer model

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2415-2456 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
Q. B. Li ◽  
Y. Gu ◽  
K. N. Liou ◽  
B. Meland
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Vertical Profile ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Dust Source ◽  
Source Regions

Abstract. Atmospheric mineral dust particles exert significant direct radiative forcings and are critical drivers of climate change. Here, we use the GEOS-Chem global three-dimensional chemical transport model (3-D CTM) coupled online with the Fu-Liou-Gu (FLG) radiative transfer model (RTM) to investigate the dust radiative forcing and heating rates based on different dust vertical profiles. The coupled calculations using a realistic dust vertical profile simulated by GEOS-Chem minimize the physical inconsistencies between 3-D CTM aerosol fields and the RTM. The use of GEOS-Chem simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) vertical profiles as opposed to the FLG prescribed AOD vertical profiles leads to greater and more spatially heterogeneous changes in estimated radiative forcing and heating rate produced by dust. Both changes can be attributed to a different vertical structure between dust and non-dust source regions. Values of the dust AOD are much larger in the middle troposphere, though smaller at the surface when the GEOS-Chem simulated AOD vertical profile is used, which leads to a much stronger heating rate in the middle troposphere. Compared to FLG vertical profile, the use of GEOS-Chem vertical profile reduces the solar radiative forcing effect by about 0.2–0.25 W m−2 and the Infrared (IR) radiative forcing over the African and Asia dust source regions by about 0.1–0.2 W m−2. Differences in the solar radiative forcing at the surface between using the GEOS-Chem vertical profile and the FLG vertical profile are most significant over the Gobi desert with a value of about 1.1 W m−2. The radiative forcing effect of dust particles is more pronounced at the surface over the Sahara and Gobi deserts by using FLG vertical profile, while it is less significant over the downwind area of Eastern Asia.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of shortwave radiative transfer schemes in global aerosol modeling: results from the AeroCom Radiative Transfer Experiment

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 32631-32706 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Randles ◽  
S. Kinne ◽  
G. Myhre ◽  
M. Schulz ◽  
P. Stier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Aerosol Radiative Forcing ◽  
Aerosol Forcing ◽  
Aerosol Absorption ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Aerosol Modeling ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

Abstract. In this study we examine the performance of 31 global model radiative transfer schemes in cloud-free conditions with prescribed gaseous absorbers and no aerosols (Rayleigh atmosphere), with prescribed scattering-only aerosols, and with more absorbing aerosols. Results are compared to benchmark results from high-resolution, multi-angular line-by-line radiation models. For purely scattering aerosols, model bias relative to the line-by-line models in the top-of-the atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing ranges from roughly −10 to 20%, with over- and underestimates of radiative cooling at higher and lower sun elevation, respectively. Inter-model diversity (relative standard deviation) increases from ~10 to 15% as sun elevation increases. Inter-model diversity in atmospheric and surface forcing decreases with increased aerosol absorption, indicating that the treatment of multiple-scattering is more variable than aerosol absorption in the models considered. Aerosol radiative forcing results from multi-stream models are generally in better agreement with the line-by-line results than the simpler two-stream schemes. Considering radiative fluxes, model performance is generally the same or slightly better than results from previous radiation scheme intercomparisons. However, the inter-model diversity in aerosol radiative forcing remains large, primarily as a result of the treatment of multiple-scattering. Results indicate that global models that estimate aerosol radiative forcing with two-stream radiation schemes may be subject to persistent biases introduced by these schemes, particularly for regional aerosol forcing.

scholarly journals Dust aerosol radiative effects during summer 2012 simulated with a coupled regional aerosol–atmosphere–ocean model over the Mediterranean

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 3303-3326 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Nabat ◽  
S. Somot ◽  
M. Mallet ◽  
M. Michou ◽  
F. Sevault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Radiative Effects ◽  
Aerosol Radiative Forcing ◽  
Dust Aerosols ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

Abstract. The present study investigates the radiative effects of dust aerosols in the Mediterranean region during summer 2012 using a coupled regional aerosol–atmosphere–ocean model (CNRM-RCSM5). A prognostic aerosol scheme, including desert dust, sea salt, organic, black-carbon and sulphate particles, has been integrated to CNRM-RCSM5 in addition to the atmosphere, land surface and ocean components. An evaluation of this aerosol scheme of CNRM-RCSM5, and especially of the dust aerosols, has been performed against in situ and satellite measurements, showing its ability to reproduce the spatial and temporal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Mediterranean region in summer 2012. The dust vertical and size distributions have also been evaluated against observations from the TRAQA/ChArMEx campaign. Three simulations have been carried out for summer 2012 with CNRM-RCSM5, including the full prognostic aerosol scheme, only monthly-averaged AOD means from the aerosol scheme or no aerosols at all, in order to focus on the radiative effects of dust particles and the role of the prognostic scheme. Surface short-wave aerosol radiative forcing variability is found to be more than twice as high over regions affected by dust aerosols, when using a prognostic aerosol scheme instead of monthly AOD means. In this case downward surface solar radiation is also found to be better reproduced according to a comparison with several stations across the Mediterranean. A composite study over 14 stations across the Mediterranean, designed to identify days with high dust AOD, also reveals the improvement of the representation of surface temperature brought by the use of the prognostic aerosol scheme. Indeed the surface receives less radiation during dusty days, but only the simulation using the prognostic aerosol scheme is found to reproduce the observed intensity of the dimming and warming on dusty days. Moreover, the radiation and temperature averages over summer 2012 are also modified by the use of prognostic aerosols, mainly because of the differences brought in short-wave aerosol radiative forcing variability. Therefore this first comparison over summer 2012 highlights the importance of the choice of the representation of aerosols in climate models.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of shortwave radiative transfer schemes in global aerosol modeling: results from the AeroCom Radiative Transfer Experiment

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2347-2379 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Randles ◽  
S. Kinne ◽  
G. Myhre ◽  
M. Schulz ◽  
P. Stier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Solar Zenith Angle ◽  
Aerosol Radiative Forcing ◽  
Aerosol Absorption ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Aerosol Modeling ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

Abstract. In this study we examine the performance of 31 global model radiative transfer schemes in cloud-free conditions with prescribed gaseous absorbers and no aerosols (Rayleigh atmosphere), with prescribed scattering-only aerosols, and with more absorbing aerosols. Results are compared to benchmark results from high-resolution, multi-angular line-by-line radiation models. For purely scattering aerosols, model bias relative to the line-by-line models in the top-of-the atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing ranges from roughly −10 to 20%, with over- and underestimates of radiative cooling at lower and higher solar zenith angle, respectively. Inter-model diversity (relative standard deviation) increases from ~10 to 15% as solar zenith angle decreases. Inter-model diversity in atmospheric and surface forcing decreases with increased aerosol absorption, indicating that the treatment of multiple-scattering is more variable than aerosol absorption in the models considered. Aerosol radiative forcing results from multi-stream models are generally in better agreement with the line-by-line results than the simpler two-stream schemes. Considering radiative fluxes, model performance is generally the same or slightly better than results from previous radiation scheme intercomparisons. However, the inter-model diversity in aerosol radiative forcing remains large, primarily as a result of the treatment of multiple-scattering. Results indicate that global models that estimate aerosol radiative forcing with two-stream radiation schemes may be subject to persistent biases introduced by these schemes, particularly for regional aerosol forcing.

scholarly journals Taklimakan dust aerosol radiative heating derived from CALIPSO observations using the Fu-Liou radiation model with CERES constraints

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5967-6001 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huang ◽  
Q. Fu ◽  
J. Su ◽  
Q. Tang ◽  
P. Minnis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Dust Aerosol ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Taklimakan Desert ◽  
Aerosol Radiative

Abstract. The dust aerosol radiative forcing and heating rate over the Taklimakan Desert in northwestern China in July 2006 are estimated using the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model along with satellite observations. The vertical distributions of the dust aerosol extinction coefficient are derived from the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) lidar measurements. The CERES (Cloud and the Earth's Energy Budget Scanner) measurements of reflected solar radiation are used to constrain the dust aerosol type in the radiative transfer model, which determines the dust aerosol single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factor as well as the aerosol optical properties spectral dependencies. We find that the dust aerosol radiative heating and effect have a significant impact on the energy budget over the Taklimakan desert. In the atmospheres containing light, moderate and heavy dust layers, the dust aerosols heat the atmosphere by up to 1, 2, and 3 K day−1, respectively. The maximum daily mean radiative heating rate reaches 5.5 K day−1 at 5 km on 29 July. The averaged daily mean net radiative effect of the dust are 44.4, −41.9, and 86.3 W m−2, respectively, at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), surface, and in the atmosphere. Among these effects about two thirds of the warming effect at the TOA is related to the longwave radiation, while about 90% of the atmospheric warming is contributed by the solar radiation. At the surface, about one third of the dust solar radiative cooling effect is compensated by its longwave warming effect. The large modifications of radiative energy budget by the dust aerosols over Taklimakan Desert should have important implications for the atmospheric circulation and regional climate, topics for future investigations.

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