Effects on the solubility and the volatile release from magmatic intrusions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Vulpius ◽  
Lena Noack
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Magma Body ◽  
Hydrous Minerals ◽  
Volatile Release ◽  
Magmatic Intrusions ◽  
Melt Composition ◽  
The Impact

<p>The process of fractional crystallization within a magma body has an influence on the solubility and thus on the associated release of volatiles. Nevertheless, this mechanism is widely neglected in the literature. Due to cooling of an intrusion, nominally anhydrous minerals precipitate from the melt. These minerals mainly incorporate elements that are compatible with their crystal lattice. Since volatiles such as H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> behave like incompatible elements, they accumulate in the remaining melt. At a certain point, the melt is saturated and the exsolution of the volatiles initiates. The solubility is determined by several parameters like the lithostatic and the partial pressure, the temperature and the melt composition. <br>In this study, we investigate the effect of these parameters as well as the impact of fractional crystallization on the solubility and the related volatile release. We focus on the exsolution of H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> from basaltic magma bodies within the lithosphere. To determine the fate of the accumulating volatiles, we compare the density of the developing liquid phase (volatiles and residual melt) with the density of the host rock. If the host rock has a higher density, the liquid phase will ascent either directly to the surface or to shallower levels of the crust. Furthermore, we take into account the possibility that hydrous minerals (e.g., amphibole) are precipitated during fractional crystallization or due to a reaction with the surrounding rock. </p>

Volatile release from intrusive magma bodies of terrestrial planets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Vulpius ◽  
Lena Noack ◽  
Frank Sohl ◽  
Gianluigi Ortenzi ◽  
Elis Jörg Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Planets ◽  
Magma Body ◽  
Incompatible Elements ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Volatile Release ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Volatile Phase ◽  
Magma Oceans ◽  
Volatile Exsolution ◽  
The Impact

<p>Besides the accretion from the solar nebular and the degassing from magma oceans, the main source of the atmospheres of terrestrial planets is magmatic volatile release from the interior. The atmosphere on early Earth is crucial for the emergence and evolution of life. It´s build-up and composition is largely influenced by magmatic outgassing. This outgassing process includes the well-studied extrusive as well as the often neglected intrusive volatile release. However, it is assumed that the intrusive magma production rates - at least on Earth - are significantly higher compared to extrusive rates, which makes the investigation and quantification of possible volatile exsolution processes even more important.</p> <p>We simulate the crystallization of an intrusive magma body emplaced at different depths within the lithosphere. As the solubility of volatiles like H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> increases with pressure, they usually do not exsolve from the melt. However, through the precipitation of nominally dry minerals, the remaining melt is enriched in incompatible elements and volatiles. They accumulate until a saturation level is reached and the volatiles exsolve. The composition of the resulting volatile phase depends on the solubility of the volatile species, the pressure and temperature, the initial composition of the melt, the partition coefficient and the oxygen fugacity. We consider these parameters in our model and benchmark our results with literature values. Additionally, we investigate the likelihood of reactions with the surrounding mantle, to form water-bearing minerals, during the ascent of volatiles. Finally, we quantify the impact of intrusive degassing on the build-up and composition of the atmosphere.</p>

THM analysIs of natural and engineered barriers for large excavations in deep nuclear waste repository

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias Alonso ◽  
Jean Vaunat ◽  
Minh-Ngoc Vu ◽  
Antonio Gens
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Thermal Load ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Coupled Processes ◽  
Nuclear Waste Repository ◽  
Damaged Zone ◽  
Waste Repository ◽  
The Impact

<p>Argillaceous rocks have great potential as possible geological host medium to store radioactive waste.  Andra is leading the design of a deep geological nuclear waste repository to be located in the Callovo-Oxfordian formation. In the framework of this project, excavations of large diameter galleries are contemplated to access and to store intermediate-level long-lived nuclear waste at repository main level. The closure of the repository will be realized by building sealing structures of expansive material.</p><p>The response of such structures is affected by several thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled processes taking place in the near and far field of the argillaceous formations. They include the formation of an excavation induced damaged zone around the galleries, the impact of the thermal load on host rock pressures and deformations, the long-term interaction with support concrete structural elements and the hydration and swelling of sealing materials. As a result, the study of their performance requires to perform simulation works of increasing complexity in terms of coupling equations, problem geometry and material behaviour. As well, challenging computational aspects, as the ones related to fractures creation and propagation, have to be considered for a representative analysis of the problem.</p><p>This work presents advanced large scale THM numerical models to provide keys about the response of the host rock around large diameter galleries during excavation and further thermal load as well as to analyse the performance of large diameter sealing structures. Particular features of the models include on one hand advanced constitutive laws to capture the development of the fractured zone around excavations, the behaviour of host rock/gallery support interfaces and the multi-scale response of bentonitic backfill. On the other hand, simulations consider geometries including constructive details of interest at decimetre scale within large discretization domain covering the whole formation stratigraphic column.</p><p>These challenging simulations provided qualitative and quantitative results on key aspects for natural and engineered barrier integrity, like extension of the damaged zone, impact of the thermal load and water pressure variations in the surrounding geological layers, duration of natural hydration phase, swelling pressure development and seals global stability.</p>

A New Cavitation-Induced-Momentum-Defect (CIMD) Correction Approach to Track Cavitation Events

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vedanth Srinivasan ◽  
Abraham J. Salazar ◽  
Kozo Saito
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Transport Equation ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Incompressible Flows ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Source Terms ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Cloud Cavitation ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
The Impact

A new unsteady cavitation event tracking model is developed for predicting vapor dynamics occurring in multi-dimensional incompressible flows. The procedure solves incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the liquid phase with an additional vapor transport equation for the vapor phase. The model tracks regions of liquid vaporization and applies compressibility effects to compute the local variation in speed of sound using the Homogeneous Equilibrium Model (HEM) assumptions. The variation of local cell density as a function of local pressure is used to construct the source term in the vapor fraction transport equation. The novel Cavitation-Induced-Momentum-Defect (CIMD) correction methodology developed in this study serves to account for cavitation inception and collapse events as relevant momentum source terms in the liquid phase momentum equations. Effects of vapor phase accumulation and diffusion are incorporated by detailed relaxation models. A modified RNG K-ε model, including the effects of compressibility in the vapor regions, is employed for modeling turbulence effects. Turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation contributions from the vapor regions are integrated with the liquid phase turbulence using relevant source terms. Numerical simulations are carried out using a Finite Volume methodology available within the framework of commercial CFD software code Fluent v.6.2. Simulation results are in qualitative agreement with experiments for unsteady cloud cavitation behavior in planar nozzle flows. Multitude of mechanisms such as formation of vortex cavities, vapor cluster shedding and coalescence, cavity pinch off are sharply captured by the supplemented vapor transport equation. Our results concur with previously established theories concerning sheet and cloud cavitation such as the re-entrant jet motion, cavity closure and the impact of adverse pressure gradients on cavitation dynamics.

Stratigraphy and eruptive history of the Late Devonian Mount Pleasant Caldera Complex, Canadian Appalachians

1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. McCUTCHEON ◽  
H. E. ANDERSON ◽  
P. T. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Crustal Material ◽  
Basaltic Rocks ◽  
Stratigraphic Subdivision ◽  
Mount Pleasant ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mafic Lavas

Stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical evidence indicate that the volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Late Devonian Piskahegan Group, located in the northern Appalachians of southwestern New Brunswick, represent the eroded remnants of a large epicontinental caldera complex. This complex – the Mount Pleasant Caldera – is one of few recognizable pre-Cenozoic calderas and is divisible into Exocaldera, Intracaldera and Late Caldera-Fill sequences. The Intracaldera Sequence comprises four formations that crop out in a triangular-shaped area and includes: thick ash flow tuffs, thick sedimentary breccias that dip inward, and stocks of intermediate to felsic composition that intrude the volcanic pile or are localized along caldera-margin faults. The Exocaldera Sequence contains ash flow tuffs, mafic lavas, alluvial redbeds and porphyritic felsic lavas that comprise five formations. The Late Caldera-Fill Sequence contains rocks that are similar to those of the outflow facies and comprises two formations and two minor intrusive units. Geochemical and mineralogical data support the stratigraphic subdivision and indicate that the basaltic rocks are mantle-derived and have intraplate chemical affinities. The andesites were probably derived from basaltic magma by fractional crystallization and assimilation of crustal material. The various felsic units are related by episodes of fractional crystallization in a high-level, zoned magma chamber. Fractionation was repeatedly interrupted by eruption of material from the roof zone such that seven stages of caldera development have been identified. The genesis of the caldera is related to a period of lithospheric thinning that followed the Acadian Orogeny in the northern Appalachians.

scholarly journals Mechanical frustration of phase separation in the cell nucleus by chromatin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaojun Zhang ◽  
Daniel S.W. Lee ◽  
Yigal Meir ◽  
Clifford P. Brangwynne ◽  
Ned S. Wingreen
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Mechanical Environment ◽  
Coarsening Dynamics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Droplet Phase ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
Fundamental Mechanism

Liquid-liquid phase separation is a fundamental mechanism underlying subcellular organization. Motivated by the striking observation that optogenetically-generated droplets in the nucleus display suppressed coarsening dynamics, we study the impact of chromatin mechanics on droplet phase separation. We combine theory and simulation to show that crosslinked chromatin can mechanically suppress droplets’ coalescence and ripening, as well as quantitatively control their number, size, and placement. Our results highlight the role of the subcellular mechanical environment on condensate regulation.

scholarly journals Brief communication: Nowcasting of precipitation for leading-edge-erosion-safe mode

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 977-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Tilg ◽  
Charlotte Bay Hasager ◽  
Hans-Jürgen Kirtzel ◽  
Poul Hummelshøj
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Wind Turbine Blades ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Mode A ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract. Leading-edge erosion (LEE) of wind turbine blades is caused by the impact of hydrometeors, which appear in a solid or liquid phase. A reduction in the wind turbine blades' tip speed during defined precipitation events can mitigate LEE. To apply such an erosion-safe mode, a precipitation nowcast is required. Theoretical considerations indicate that the time a raindrop needs to fall to the ground is sufficient to reduce the tip speed. Furthermore, it is described that a compact, vertically pointing radar that measures rain at different heights with a sufficiently high spatio-temporal resolution can nowcast rain for an erosion-safe mode.

scholarly journals The Impact of Complex Volcanic Plumbing on the Nature of Seismicity in the Developing Magmatic Natron Rift, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Christina Reiss ◽  
James D. Muirhead ◽  
Amani S. Laizer ◽  
Frederik Link ◽  
Emmanuel O. Kazimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Rift System ◽  
East African Rift System ◽  
Oldoinyo Lengai ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
Magma Body ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
The Impact

Constraining the architecture of complex 3D volcanic plumbing systems within active rifts, and their impact on rift processes, is critical for examining the interplay between faulting, magmatism and magmatic fluids in developing rift segments. The Natron basin of the East African Rift System provides an ideal location to study these processes, owing to its recent magmatic-tectonic activity and ongoing active carbonatite volcanism at Oldoinyo Lengai. Here, we report seismicity and fault plane solutions from a 10 month-long temporary seismic network spanning Oldoinyo Lengai, Naibor Soito volcanic field and Gelai volcano. We locate 6,827 earthquakes with ML −0.85 to 3.6, which are related to previous and ongoing magmatic and volcanic activity in the region, as well as regional tectonic extension. We observe seismicity down to ∼17 km depth north and south of Oldoinyo Lengai and shallow seismicity (3–10 km) beneath Gelai, including two swarms. The deepest seismicity (∼down to 20 km) occurs above a previously imaged magma body below Naibor Soito. These seismicity patterns reveal a detailed image of a complex volcanic plumbing system, supporting potential lateral and vertical connections between shallow- and deep-seated magmas, where fluid and melt transport to the surface is facilitated by intrusion of dikes and sills. Focal mechanisms vary spatially. T-axis trends reveal dominantly WNW-ESE extension near Gelai, while strike-slip mechanisms and a radial trend in P-axes are observed in the vicinity of Oldoinyo Lengai. These data support local variations in the state of stress, resulting from a combination of volcanic edifice loading and magma-driven stress changes imposed on a regional extensional stress field. Our results indicate that the southern Natron basin is a segmented rift system, in which fluids preferentially percolate vertically and laterally in a region where strain transfers from a border fault to a developing magmatic rift segment.

scholarly journals Experimental and CFD Modelling: Impact of the Inlet Slug Flow on the Horizontal Gas–Liquid Separator

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Siong Lee ◽  
Thomas Choong ◽  
Luqman Abdullah ◽  
Mus’ab Abdul Razak ◽  
Zhen Ban
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Cavity Formation ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Liquid Separator

For a gas-liquid separator sizing, many engineers have neglected the flow pattern of incoming fluids. The impact of inlet slug flow which impeded onto the separator’s liquid phase will cause a separator fails to perform when sloshing happened in the separator. To date, the study on verifying the impact of inlet slug flow in a separator remains limited. In this paper, the impact of inlet momentum and inlet slug flow on the hydrodynamics in a separator for cases without an inlet device were investigated. The experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results of cavity formation and sloshing occurrence in the separator in this study were compared. A User Defined Function (UDF) was used to describe the inlet slug flow at the separator inlet. Inlet slug flow occurred at inlet momentum from 200 to 1000 Pa, and sloshing occurred in the separator at 1000 Pa. Both experimental and simulated results showed similar phenomena.

scholarly journals Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Crowded Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain A. M. André ◽  
Evan Spruijt
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Macromolecular Crowding ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crowded Environments ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
In Cells

Biomolecular condensates play a key role in organizing cellular fluids such as the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Most of these non-membranous organelles show liquid-like properties both in cells and when studied in vitro through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of purified proteins. In general, LLPS of proteins is known to be sensitive to variations in pH, temperature and ionic strength, but the role of crowding remains underappreciated. Several decades of research have shown that macromolecular crowding can have profound effects on protein interactions, folding and aggregation, and it must, by extension, also impact LLPS. However, the precise role of crowding in LLPS is far from trivial, as most condensate components have a disordered nature and exhibit multiple weak attractive interactions. Here, we discuss which factors determine the scope of LLPS in crowded environments, and we review the evidence for the impact of macromolecular crowding on phase boundaries, partitioning behavior and condensate properties. Based on a comparison of both in vivo and in vitro LLPS studies, we propose that phase separation in cells does not solely rely on attractive interactions, but shows important similarities to segregative phase separation.

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