Ranking Icelandic volcanoes by threat and prioritizing their monitoring requirements

How well are our volcanoes monitored? When and why should we review and enhance the monitoring setup for volcano surveillance? These questions are often raised at Volcano Observatories or at those Institutions in charge of monitoring volcanoes and their associated hazards. The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) is responsible for monitoring natural hazards in Iceland, including volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. IMO operates an extended multidisciplinary monitoring network which comprises seismometers, cGPS, gas sensors, MultiGAS and DOASes, hydrological stations, strainmeters and tiltmeters, infrasound networks and webcams, with the aim of detecting in a timely manner potential unrest at any of the 32 active volcanoes in the country. Limited resources and funding opportunities often pose limitations on how extensive (in terms of number of sensors and their variety) a volcano monitoring network can be. Therefore, the Volcano Observatories are often required to decide how to prioritize the monitoring needs and find a balance in sensitivity, reliability, and efficacy of the network. &#160;In this contribution, we will present the results of the analysis performed at the IMO to rank the Icelandic active volcanoes by their threat and, consequently, to prioritize their monitoring needs. Some criteria (based on eruption frequency, potential hazards, infrastructure exposure and current status) are defined as guidelines and they are used to drive decisions regarding when and how to alter the monitoring setup. The specific case of Hekla volcano is used here to evaluate the validity of such criteria and to perform an analysis of the current capability of issuing a timely warning for one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Iceland.&#160;

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Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors: One-Year Field Comparative Measurement of Different Gas Sensors and Particle Counters with Reference Monitors at Tušimice Observatory

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11050492 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 492 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Petra Bauerová ◽

Adriana Šindelářová ◽

Štěpán Rychlík ◽

Zbyněk Novák ◽

Josef Keder

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Gas Sensors ◽

Low Cost ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Field Testing ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Monitoring Networks ◽

Comparative Measurement ◽

One Year ◽

Pm2.5 And Pm10

With attention increasing regarding the level of air pollution in different metropolitan and industrial areas worldwide, interest in expanding the monitoring networks by low-cost air quality sensors is also increasing. Although the role of these small and affordable sensors is rather supplementary, determination of the measurement uncertainty is one of the main questions of their applicability because there is no certificate for quality assurance of these non-reference technologies. This paper presents the results of almost one-year field testing measurements, when the data from different low-cost sensors (for SO2, NO2, O3, and CO: Cairclip, Envea, FR; for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10: PMS7003, Plantower, CHN, and OPC-N2, Alphasense, UK) were compared with co-located reference monitors used within the Czech national ambient air quality monitoring network. The results showed that in addition to the given reduced measurement accuracy of the sensors, the data quality depends on the early detection of defective units and changes caused by the effect of meteorological conditions (effect of air temperature and humidity on gas sensors and effect of air humidity with condensation conditions on particle counters), or by the interference of different pollutants (especially in gas sensors). Comparative measurement is necessary prior to each sensor’s field applications.

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Cabon nanotubes gas sensors: current status and future prospescts

Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004. ◽

10.1109/icsens.2004.1426185 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

C. Cantalini ◽

L. Valentini ◽

J.M. Kenny ◽

L. Lozzi ◽

S. Santucci

Keyword(s):

Gas Sensors ◽

Current Status

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Treands in atmospheric turbidity over India

MAUSAM ◽

10.54302/mausam.v43i2.3382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 183-190

Author(s):

H. N. SRIVASTAVA ◽

S. V. DATAR ◽

B. MUKHOPADHYAY

Keyword(s):

Monitoring Network ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Pollution Monitoring ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Data Set ◽

Mean Values ◽

Air Pollution Monitoring ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

Atmospheric Turbidity ◽

Aerosol Dispersion

Annual mean values of the turbidity coefficients at Indian Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network' (BAPMoN) were compared for the periods 1973-1980and 1981-1985. It was found that there is a general increase of turbidity during the latter period at all the stations except at Kodaikanal and Pune, suggesting the effect of anthropogenic sources of pollution. Short term influence of volcanic eruptions were also discernible from the observations at Kodaikanal. Spectral analysis (FFT) at these stations brought out the predominant modes which could be explained on the basis of climatology and aerosol dispersion characteristics. The long term atmospheric turbidity observations (1973-1985) presented in this paper provide reliable data set for assessing the aerosol impact on radiation climate.

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A Study of the Creative Design Education In View of Convergence Design

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202123605083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 236 ◽

pp. 05083

Author(s):

Kun Su ◽

Jin Hua Zhang

Keyword(s):

Design Education ◽

Business Models ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Planned Change ◽

Current Status ◽

Third Wave ◽

Timely Manner ◽

Education Today ◽

Societal Structure ◽

Or Organization

The futurist, Daniel H. Pink, characterized the 21st century as an era of "convergence" and "perpetual". In his book, "A Whole New Mind", he proposed that we are transforming from a philosophy that emphasizes logic, order and computer efficiency to the age of innovation, empathy, and inter-disciplinary integration [1]. The integration of traditional business models, technologies, and related processes will become the driving force for next industrial revolution. Toffler & Alvin also argued in his book "The Third Wave" that with the continuous development of the knowledge and information, the partitioned societal structure will become meaningless [2]. Therefore, in the age of perceptivity that emphasizes on the integration, if the country or organization wants to take the lead, the education of integration and perceptivity in the education system will become indispensable. Abraham Maslow said that education is a process of acquiring knowledge, a means that the national and economic development depends on, and a planned change in human behavior. Therefore, developing creative future integrated designers whose minds and talents are consist with the converging markets, and who are sensitive to customers’ needs in a timely manner is an important issue in the field of education today. This study attempts to investigate the current status of convergence design and its education. Based on this study, some new suggestions will be proposed on the necessity of convergence design and convergence design education.

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Design of drones for monitoring of volcanic areas

Tecnura ◽

10.14483/22487638.16800 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (66) ◽

pp. 27-35

Author(s):

Juan Vorobioff ◽

Norberto Boggio ◽

Marcelo Gutierrez ◽

Federico Checozzi ◽

Carlos Rinaldi

Keyword(s):

Gas Sensors ◽

Sensor Array ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Classification Algorithms ◽

Gas Temperature ◽

Volcanic Zone ◽

Structural Rigidity ◽

Spatially Distributed ◽

Co Sensor ◽

3D Printed

Objective: Volcanic eruptions are a serious threat to the environment. In order to assess more accurately the state of a volcanic zone, spatially distributed measurements are required. Methodology: An electronic nose (eNose), a quadcopter drone with gas, temperature, and humidity sensors was developed. The drone was assembled with 3D printed parts and tested for properties like structural rigidity. The eNose samples gases, manages a sensor array, acquires data, extracts features, and classifies them with suitable classification algorithms. Results: The eNose drone system provides a versatile technology for autonomous monitoring of diverse environments. A logarithmic calibration curve was observed for the CO sensor. Conclusions: The implementation of a eNose drone system and its application to the detection and study of gases in volcanic areas would be innovative in Argentina. The system can access remote dangerous areas and is versatile. Different gas sensors like H2S or SO2 can be added.

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Statistical analysis of the volcanic eruption frequency in the azores islands : a contribution to risk assessment

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/176.1.107 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 176 (1) ◽

pp. 107-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Guy Caniaux

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Poisson Distribution ◽

Volcanic Eruption ◽

Eruption Frequency ◽

Azores Islands ◽

Active Volcanoes

Abstract The datations of the last eruptive events which have occurred on 13 active volcanic complexes of the Azores are presented. By supposing that these events follow a statistical Poisson distribution, we estimate the occurrence period of these events, as well as the eruption probabilities for the next 300 years. Pico Mountain, Região dos Picos (São Miguel Island), the stratovolcano of Sete Cidades (São Miguel Island), the linear volcanic complexes of São Roque – Piedade (Pico Island) and of Capelo (Faial Island) must be considered as the most active volcanoes of the archipelago. The eruption styles of next eruptions are also specified.

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The application of geodetic observations for near-real time monitoring of Icelandic volcanoes

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14271 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michelle Parks ◽

Benedikt Ófeigsson ◽

Halldór Geirsson ◽

Vincent Drouin ◽

Freysteinn Sigmundsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Ground Deformation ◽

Current Status ◽

Caldera Collapse ◽

Real Time Monitoring ◽

Volcanic System ◽

Magmatic Intrusions ◽

Reykjanes Peninsula ◽

Magma Migration ◽

Active Volcanoes

Ground deformation is frequently one of the first detectable precursors alerting scientists to changes in behavior or the onset of unrest at active volcanoes. GNSS, InSAR, strain and tilt measurements are routinely used by volcano observatories for monitoring pre-eruptive, co-eruptive and post-eruptive deformation. In addition to monitoring signals related to magma migration, deformation observations are used as an input into geodetic modeling to determine the location and rate of magma accumulation and help define the structure of magma plumbing systems beneath active volcanoes.This presentation will provide an update of how geodetic observations are being used in conjunction with seismicity and gas measurements, for the near-real time monitoring of key Icelandic volcanoes; to determine their current status, identify the onset and likely cause of unrest, locate magmatic intrusions, determine magma volumes and supply rates and assess the likelihood of eruption. An overview of the current status of the following active volcanoes will be provided: Hekla, B&#225;r&#240;arbunga and Gr&#237;msv&#246;tn, along with an update of the recent volcano-tectonic unrest on the Reykjanes Peninsula.Hekla is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in Iceland with approximately 18 eruptions since 1104. Over the past few decades, Hekla erupted at almost regular ~10 year intervals, with the last four eruptions occurring in 1970, 1980&#8211;1981, 1991 and 2000. Previous geodetic studies have suggested magma storage at depths of 12-25 km directly beneath the volcanic edifice. However, recent InSAR analysis has detected a localized inflation signal to the west of the volcano. A regional borehole strain meter network has proven instrumental for real-time eruption forecasting at Hekla.In the B&#225;r&#240;arbunga volcanic system, the six-month long effusive 2014-2015 Holuhraun eruption was accompanied by gradual caldera collapse of up to 65 m and was preceded by a two-week period of 48 km long lateral dyke propagation with extensive seismicity and deformation. Geodetic observations indicate that B&#225;r&#240;arbunga began to slowly inflate in July 2015. This may be explained by a combination of renewed magma inflow and viscoelastic readjustment of the volcano.The Gr&#237;msv&#246;tn subglacial volcano is the most frequently erupting volcano in Iceland, with eruptions in 1998, 2004 and 2011. A GPS station shows a prominent inflation cycle prior to eruptions. Observations during the 2011 eruption suggest a pressure drop at a surprisingly shallow level (about 2 km depth) during the eruption, in a similar location as in previous eruptions. Deformation at this volcano has now surpassed that observed prior to historic eruptions and its aviation color code is currently elevated to yellow.In December 2019, the Reykjanes Peninsula entered a phase of volcano-tectonic unrest characterized by seismic swarms, followed in late January 2020 by inflation detected in near-real time by GNSS and InSAR observations. At the time of writing (mid-January 2021) there have been three magmatic intrusions in the vicinity of Svartsengi, an intrusion beneath Kr&#253;suv&#237;k and indications of magma migration at depth along the entirety of the Peninsula.

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Quantifying gas, ash and aerosols in volcanic plumes using emission OP-FTIR measurements

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9794 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jean-François Smekens ◽

Tamsin Mather ◽

Mike Burton

Keyword(s):

Sulphur Dioxide ◽

Uv Light ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Radiative Transfer Model ◽

Volcanic Plume ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Ir Radiation ◽

Time Operation ◽

Volcano Observatories

Monitoring of volcanic emissions (gas, ash and aerosols) is crucial to our understanding of eruption mechanisms, as well as to developing mitigation strategies during volcanic eruptions. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrometers and cameras are now ubiquitous monitoring tools at most volcano observatories for quantifying sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions. However, because they rely on scattered UV light as a source of radiation, their use is limited to daytime only, and measurement windows are often further restricted by unfavourable weather conditions. On the other end of the spectrum, Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) instruments can be used to measure the concentrations of a series of volcanic gases, and they allow for night-time operation. However, the retrieval methods rely on the presence of a strong source of IR radiation in the background - either natural (lava flow, crater rim, the sun) or artificial &#8211; restricting their use to very specific observation geometries and a narrow range of eruptive conditions. Here we present a new approach to derive quantities of SO2, ash and aerosols from measurements of a drifting volcanic plume. Using the atmosphere as a background, we measured self-emitted IR radiation from plumes at Stromboli volcano (Italy) capturing both passive degassing and ash-rich explosive plumes. We use an iterative approach with a forward radiative transfer model (the Reference Forward Model &#8211; RFM) to quantify concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), aerosols and ash in the line of sight of the spectrometer. This new method could significantly enhance the scientific return from OP-FTIR instruments at volcano observatories, ultimately expanding their deployment as part of permanent scanning networks (an alternative to DOAS instruments) to provide continuous data on the emissions of gas, ash and aerosols.&#160;

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Magma ascent and eruption forecasting at Deception Island volcano (Antarctica) evidenced by δD and δ18O variations

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12700 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio M. Álvarez-Valero ◽

Meritxell Aulinas ◽

Adelina Geyer ◽

Guillem Gisbert ◽

Gabor Kereszturi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Melt Inclusions ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Magma Ascent ◽

Explosive Eruptions ◽

Deception Island ◽

Essential Information ◽

Local Modification ◽

Isotopic Variations ◽

Active Volcanoes

Geochemistry of volatiles in active volcanoes provides insights into the magmatic processes and evolution at depth, such as magma evolution and degassing, which can be implemented into volcanic hazards assessment. Deception Island is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica, with more than twenty explosive eruptions documented over the past two centuries. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic variations in the volatiles trapped in the Deception Island rocks (glass and melt inclusions in phenocrysts) provide essential information on the mechanisms controlling the eruptive history in this volcanic suite. Thus, understanding the petrological and related isotopic variations in the island, has the potential to foresee the possible occurrence and its main eruptive features of a future eruption.Information from hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes combined with detailed petrologic data reveal in Deception Island (i) fast ascent and quenching of most magmas, preserving pre-eruptive magmatic signal of water contents and isotopic ratios, with local modification by rehydration due to glass exposition to seawater, meteoric and fumarolic waters; (ii) a plumbing system(s) currently dominated by closed-system degassing leading to explosive eruptions; (iii) control on the interactions of ascending magmas with the surface waters producing hydrovolcanic activity throughout the two main fault systems in Deception Island. These results can be considered in further studies of volcanic monitoring to improve the capability to interpret geophysical data and signals recorded during volcanic unrest episodes, and hence, forecast volcanic eruptions and related hazards.This research was partially funded by the following projects: POSVOLDEC (CTM2016&#8208;79617&#8208;P) (AEI/FEDER&#8208;UE), VOLGASDEC (PGC2018-095693-B-I00) (AEI/FEDER&#8208;UE) and Programa Propio Ib-2019 (USAL). This research is also part of POLARCSIC activities.

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