The Swiss Alpine zero degree line: methods, past evolution, sensitivities

<p>The near-surface zero degree line (ZDL) is a key isotherm in mountain regions worldwide, but a detailed analysis of methods for the ZDL determination, their properties and applicability in a changing climate is missing. We here test different approaches to determine the near-surface ZDL on a monthly scale in the Swiss Alps. A non-linear profile yields more robust and more realistic ZDLs than a linear profile throughout the year and especially in the winter-half year when frequent inversions disqualify a linear assumption. In the period 1871-2019, the Swiss ZDL has risen significantly in every calendar month: In northern Switzerland, the monthly ZDL increases generally amount to 300-400 m with smaller values in April and September (200-250 m) and a larger value in October (almost 500 m). The largest increases of 600-700 m but also very large uncertainties (±400 m, 95% confidence interval) are found in December and January. The trends have accelerated in the last decades especially in spring and summer. The ZDL has increased by ~160 m per °C warming in the summer-half year and up to 340±45 m/°C in winter months. In southern Switzerland, ZDL trends and temperature scalings are somewhat smaller, especially in winter. Sensitivity analyses using a simple shift of the non-linear temperature profile suggest that the winter ZDL-temperature scalings are at a record high today or will reach it in the near future, and are expected to decrease with a strong future warming. Nevertheless, the cumulative ZDL increase for strong warming is considerably larger in winter than in summer. Based on a few key criteria, we also present best practises to determine the ZDL in mountain regions worldwide. The outlined methods lay a foundation for the analysis of further isotherms and to study the future ZDL evolution based on climate scenario data.</p>