scholarly journals The NY-Ålesund TurbulencE Fiber Optic eXperiment (NYTEFOX): investigating the Arctic boundary layer, Svalbard

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3439-3452
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Zeller ◽  
Jannis-Michael Huss ◽  
Lena Pfister ◽  
Karl E. Lapo ◽  
Daniela Littmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sonic Anemometers

Abstract. The NY-Ålesund TurbulencE Fiber Optic eXperiment (NYTEFOX) was a field experiment at the Ny-Ålesund Arctic site (78.9∘ N, 11.9∘ E) and yielded a unique meteorological data set. These data describe the distribution of heat, airflows, and exchange in the Arctic boundary layer for a period of 14 d from 26 February to 10 March 2020. NYTEFOX is the first field experiment to investigate the heterogeneity of airflow and its transport of temperature, wind, and kinetic energy in the Arctic environment using the fiber-optic distributed sensing (FODS) technique for horizontal and vertical observations. FODS air temperature and wind speed were observed at a spatial resolution of 0.127 m and a temporal resolution of 9 s along a 700 m horizontal array at 1 m above ground level (a.g.l.) and along three 7 m vertical profiles. Ancillary data were collected from three sonic anemometers and an acoustic profiler (minisodar; sodar is an acronym for “sound detection and ranging”) yielding turbulent flow statistics and vertical profiles in the lowest 300 m a.g.l., respectively. The observations from this field campaign are publicly available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756836, Huss et al., 2021) and supplement the meteorological data set operationally collected by the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard.

scholarly journals NYTEFOX – The NY-Ålesund TurbulencE Fiber Optic eXperiment investigating the Arctic boundary layer, Svalbard

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Zeller ◽  
Jannis-Michael Huss ◽  
Lena Pfister ◽  
Karl E. Lapo ◽  
Daniela Littmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sonic Anemometers

Abstract. The NY-Ålesund TurbulencE Fiber Optic eXperiment, NYTEFOX, was a field experiment at the Arctic site Ny-Ålesund (11.9° E, 78.9° N) and yielded a unique meteorological data set. These data describe the distribution of heat, airflows, and exchange in the Arctic boundary layer for a period of 14 days from 26 February to 10 March 2020. NYTEFOX is the first field experiment to investigate the heterogeneity of airflow and its transport in temperatures, wind, and kinetic energy in the Arctic environment using the Fiber-Optic Distributed Sensing (FODS) technique for horizontal and vertical observations. FODS air temperature and wind speed were observed at a spatial resolution of 0.127 m and 9 s in time along a horizontal array of 700 m at 1 m height above ground level (agl) and along three 7 m vertical profiles. Ancillary data were collected from three sonic anemometers and an acoustic profiler (miniSodar, SOund Detection And Ranging) yielding turbulent flow statistics and vertical profiles in the lowest 300 m agl, respectively. The observations from this field campaign are publicly available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4335461) and supplement the data set operationally collected by the Basic Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) meteorological data set at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard.

scholarly journals An aircraft-borne chemical ionization – ion trap mass spectrometer (CI-ITMS) for fast PAN and PPN measurements

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 4313-4354
Author(s):  
A. Roiger ◽  
H. Aufmhoff ◽  
P. Stock ◽  
F. Arnold ◽  
H. Schlager
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Online Calibration ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Research Aircraft

Abstract. An airborne chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometer instrument (CI-ITMS) has been developed for tropospheric and stratospheric fast in-situ measurements of PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) and PPN (peroxypropionyl nitrate). The first scientific deployment of the FASTPEX instrument (FASTPEX = Fast Measurement of Peroxyacyl nitrates) took place in the Arctic during 18 missions aboard the DLR research aircraft Falcon, within the framework of the POLARCAT-GRACE campaign in the summer of 2008. The FASTPEX instrument is described and characteristic properties of the employed ion trap mass spectrometer are discussed. Atmospheric data obtained at altitudes of up to ~12 km are presented, from the boundary layer to the lowermost stratosphere. Data were sampled with a time resolution of 2 s and a 2σ detection limit of 25 pmol mol−1. An isotopically labelled standard was used for a permanent online calibration. For this reason the accuracy of the PAN measurements is better than ±10% for mixing ratios greater than 200 pmol mol−1. PAN mixing ratios in the summer Arctic troposphere were in the order of a few hundred pmol mol−1 and generally correlated well with CO. In the Arctic boundary layer and lowermost stratosphere smaller PAN mixing ratios were observed due to a combination of missing local sources of PAN precursor gases and efficient removal processes (thermolysis/photolysis). PPN, the second most abundant PAN homologue, was measured simultanously. Observed PPN/PAN ratios range between ~0.03 and 0.3.

scholarly journals The Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE 3A): July–August 1988

1992 ◽  
Vol 97 (D15) ◽  
pp. 16383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Harriss ◽  
S. C. Wofsy ◽  
D. S. Bartlett ◽  
M. C. Shipham ◽  
D. J. Jacob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer

scholarly journals Ozone variability and halogen oxidation within the Arctic and sub-Arctic springtime boundary layer

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 10223-10236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Gilman ◽  
J. F. Burkhart ◽  
B. M. Lerner ◽  
E. J. Williams ◽  
W. C. Kuster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract. The influence of halogen oxidation on the variabilities of ozone (O3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within the Arctic and sub-Arctic atmospheric boundary layer was investigated using field measurements from multiple campaigns conducted in March and April 2008 as part of the POLARCAT project. For the ship-based measurements, a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98 for 544 data points collected north of 68° N) was observed between the acetylene to benzene ratio, used as a marker for chlorine and bromine oxidation, and O3 signifying the vast influence of halogen oxidation throughout the ice-free regions of the North Atlantic. Concurrent airborne and ground-based measurements in the Alaskan Arctic substantiated this correlation and were used to demonstrate that halogen oxidation influenced O3 variability throughout the Arctic boundary layer during these springtime studies. Measurements aboard the R/V Knorr in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans provided a unique view of the transport of O3-poor air masses from the Arctic Basin to latitudes as far south as 52° N. FLEXPART, a Lagrangian transport model, was used to quantitatively determine the exposure of air masses encountered by the ship to first-year ice (FYI), multi-year ice (MYI), and total ICE (FYI+MYI). O3 anti-correlated with the modeled total ICE tracer (r = −0.86) indicating that up to 73% of the O3 variability measured in the Arctic marine boundary layer could be related to sea ice exposure.

scholarly journals Signature of Arctic surface ozone depletion events in the isotope anomaly (Δ<sup>17</sup>O) of atmospheric nitrate

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1451-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Morin ◽  
J. Savarino ◽  
S. Bekki ◽  
S. Gong ◽  
J. W. Bottenheim
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrate ◽  
Boundary Layer Ozone ◽  
Oxidation Of No ◽  
Arctic Surface

Abstract. We report the first measurements of the oxygen isotope anomaly of atmospheric inorganic nitrate from the Arctic. Nitrate samples and complementary data were collected at Alert, Nunavut, Canada (82°30 ' N, 62°19 ' W) in spring 2004. Covering the polar sunrise period, characterized by the occurrence of severe boundary layer ozone depletion events (ODEs), our data show a significant correlation between the variations of atmospheric ozone (O3) mixing ratios and Δ17O of nitrate (Δ17O(NO−3)). This relationship can be expressed as: Δ17O(NO−3)/‰, =(0.15±0.03)×O3/(nmol mol–1)+(29.7±0.7), with R2=0.70(n=12), for Δ17O(NO−3) ranging between 29 and 35 ‰. We derive mass-balance equations from chemical reactions operating in the Arctic boundary layer, that describe the evolution of Δ17O(NO−3) as a function of the concentrations of reactive species and their isotopic characteristics. Changes in the relative importance of O3, RO2 and BrO in the oxidation of NO during ODEs, and the large isotope anomalies of O3 and BrO, are the driving force for the variability in the measured Δ17O(NO−3) . BrONO2 hydrolysis is found to be a dominant source of nitrate in the Arctic boundary layer, in agreement with recent modeling studies.

scholarly journals Revising the retrieval technique of a long-term stratospheric HNO<sub>3</sub> data set: from a constrained matrix inversion to the optimal estimation algorithm

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1317-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Fiorucci ◽  
G. Muscari ◽  
R. L. de Zafra
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Matrix Inversion ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. The Ground-Based Millimeter-wave Spectrometer (GBMS) was designed and built at the State University of New York at Stony Brook in the early 1990s and since then has carried out many measurement campaigns of stratospheric O3, HNO3, CO and N2O at polar and mid-latitudes. Its HNO3 data set shed light on HNO3 annual cycles over the Antarctic continent and contributed to the validation of both generations of the satellite-based JPL Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Following the increasing need for long-term data sets of stratospheric constituents, we resolved to establish a long-term GMBS observation site at the Arctic station of Thule (76.5° N, 68.8° W), Greenland, beginning in January 2009, in order to track the long- and short-term interactions between the changing climate and the seasonal processes tied to the ozone depletion phenomenon. Furthermore, we updated the retrieval algorithm adapting the Optimal Estimation (OE) method to GBMS spectral data in order to conform to the standard of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) microwave group, and to provide our retrievals with a set of averaging kernels that allow more straightforward comparisons with other data sets. The new OE algorithm was applied to GBMS HNO3 data sets from 1993 South Pole observations to date, in order to produce HNO3 version 2 (v2) profiles. A sample of results obtained at Antarctic latitudes in fall and winter and at mid-latitudes is shown here. In most conditions, v2 inversions show a sensitivity (i.e., sum of column elements of the averaging kernel matrix) of 100 ± 20 % from 20 to 45 km altitude, with somewhat worse (better) sensitivity in the Antarctic winter lower (upper) stratosphere. The 1σ uncertainty on HNO3 v2 mixing ratio vertical profiles depends on altitude and is estimated at ~15 % or 0.3 ppbv, whichever is larger. Comparisons of v2 with former (v1) GBMS HNO3 vertical profiles, obtained employing the constrained matrix inversion method, show that v1 and v2 profiles are overall consistent. The main difference is at the HNO3 mixing ratio maximum in the 20–25 km altitude range, which is smaller in v2 than v1 profiles by up to 2 ppbv at mid-latitudes and during the Antarctic fall. This difference suggests a better agreement of GBMS HNO3 v2 profiles with both UARS/ and EOS Aura/MLS HNO3 data than previous v1 profiles.

scholarly journals Analysis of reactive bromine production and ozone depletion in the Arctic boundary layer using 3-D simulations with GEM-AQ: inference from synoptic-scale patterns

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3949-3979 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Toyota ◽  
J. C. McConnell ◽  
A. Lupu ◽  
L. Neary ◽  
C. A. McLinden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Snow

Abstract. Episodes of high bromine levels and surface ozone depletion in the springtime Arctic are simulated by an online air-quality model, GEM-AQ, with gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions of inorganic bromine species and a simple scheme of air-snowpack chemical interactions implemented for this study. Snowpack on sea ice is assumed to be the only source of bromine to the atmosphere and to be capable of converting relatively stable bromine species to photolabile Br2 via air-snowpack interactions. A set of sensitivity model runs are performed for April 2001 at a horizontal resolution of approximately 100 km×100 km in the Arctic, to provide insights into the effects of temperature and the age (first-year, FY, versus multi-year, MY) of sea ice on the release of reactive bromine to the atmosphere. The model simulations capture much of the temporal variations in surface ozone mixing ratios as observed at stations in the high Arctic and the synoptic-scale evolution of areas with enhanced BrO column amount ("BrO clouds") as estimated from satellite observations. The simulated "BrO clouds" are in modestly better agreement with the satellite measurements when the FY sea ice is assumed to be more efficient at releasing reactive bromine to the atmosphere than on the MY sea ice. Surface ozone data from coastal stations used in this study are not sufficient to evaluate unambiguously the difference between the FY sea ice and the MY sea ice as a source of bromine. The results strongly suggest that reactive bromine is released ubiquitously from the snow on the sea ice during the Arctic spring while the timing and location of the bromine release are largely controlled by meteorological factors. It appears that a rapid advection and an enhanced turbulent diffusion associated with strong boundary-layer winds drive transport and dispersion of ozone to the near-surface air over the sea ice, increasing the oxidation rate of bromide (Br−) in the surface snow. Also, if indeed the surface snowpack does supply most of the reactive bromine in the Arctic boundary layer, it appears to be capable of releasing reactive bromine at temperatures as high as −10 °C, particularly on the sea ice in the central and eastern Arctic Ocean. Dynamically-induced BrO column variability in the lowermost stratosphere appears to interfere with the use of satellite BrO column measurements for interpreting BrO variability in the lower troposphere but probably not to the extent of totally obscuring "BrO clouds" that originate from the surface snow/ice source of bromine in the high Arctic. A budget analysis of the simulated air-surface exchange of bromine compounds suggests that a "bromine explosion" occurs in the interstitial air of the snowpack and/or is accelerated by heterogeneous reactions on the surface of wind-blown snow in ambient air, both of which are not represented explicitly in our simple model but could have been approximated by a parameter adjustment for the yield of Br2 from the trigger.

scholarly journals The De-Icing Comparison Experiment (D-ICE): A study of broadband radiometric measurements under icing conditions in the Arctic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Cox ◽  
Sara M. Morris ◽  
Taneil Uttal ◽  
Ross Burgener ◽  
Emiel Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Radiation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Comparison Experiment ◽  
North Slope Of Alaska ◽  
Operational Systems ◽  
Waste Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement

Abstract. Surface-based measurements of broadband shortwave (solar) and longwave (infrared) radiative fluxes using thermopile radiometers are made regularly around the globe for scientific and operational environmental monitoring. The occurrence of ice on sensor windows in cold environments – whether snow, rime, or frost – is a common problem that is difficult to prevent as well as difficult to correct in post-processing. The Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) community recognizes radiometer icing as a major outstanding measurement uncertainty. Towards constraining this uncertainty, the De-Icing Comparison Experiment (D-ICE) was carried out at the NOAA Atmospheric Baseline Observatory in Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska, from August 2017 to July 2018. The purpose of D-ICE was to evaluate existing ventilation and heating technologies developed to mitigate radiometer icing. D-ICE consisted of 20 pyranometers and 5 pyrgeometers operating in various ventilator housings alongside operational systems that are part of NOAA's Barrow BSRN station and the U.S. Dept. of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program North Slope of Alaska and Oliktok Point observatories. To detect icing, radiometers were monitored continuously using cameras, with a total of more than 1 million images of radiometer domes archived. Ventilator and ventilator/heater performance overall was skilful with the average of the systems mitigating 77 % of icing and many being 90+ % effective. Ventilators without heating elements were also effective and capable of providing heat through roughly equal contributions of waste energy from the ventilator fan and adiabatic heating downstream of the fan. This provided ~ 0.6 C of warming, enough to subsaturate the air up to a relative humidity (w.r.t. ice) of ~ 105 %. Because the mitigation technologies performed well, a near complete record of verified ice-free radiometric fluxes were assembled for the duration of the campaign. This well-characterized data set is suitable for model evaluation, in particular for the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) first Special Observing Period (SOP1). We used the data set to calculate short- and long-term biases in iced sensors, finding that biases can be up to +60 W m−2 (longwave) and −211 to +188 W m−2 (shortwave). However, because of the frequency of icing, mitigation of ice by ventilators, cloud conditions, and the timing of icing relative to available sunlight, the biases in the monthly means were generally less than the aggregate uncertainty attributed to other conventional sources.

scholarly journals Aircraft observations of enhancement and depletion of black carbon mass in the springtime Arctic

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 15167-15196
Author(s):  
J. R. Spackman ◽  
R. S. Gao ◽  
W. D. Neff ◽  
J. P. Schwarz ◽  
L. A. Watts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Arctic Climate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Free Troposphere ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Understanding the processes controlling black carbon (BC) in the Arctic is crucial for evaluating the impact of anthropogenic and natural sources of BC on Arctic climate. Vertical profiles of BC mass were observed from the surface to near 7-km altitude in April 2008 using a Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) during flights on the NOAA WP-3D research aircraft from Fairbanks, Alaska. These measurements were conducted during the NOAA-sponsored Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) project as part of POLARCAT, an International Polar Year (IPY) activity. In the free troposphere, the Arctic air mass was influenced by long-range transport from biomass-burning and anthropogenic source regions at lower latitudes especially during the latter part of the campaign. Maximum average BC mass loadings of 150 ng kg−1 were observed near 5.5-km altitude in the aged Arctic air mass. In biomass-burning plumes, BC was enhanced from near the top of the Arctic boundary layer (ABL) to 5.5 km compared to the aged Arctic air mass. At the bottom of some of the profiles, positive vertical gradients in BC were observed in the vicinity of open leads in the sea-ice. BC mass loadings increased by about a factor of two across the boundary layer transition in the ABL in these cases while carbon monoxide (CO) remained constant, evidence for depletion of BC in the ABL. BC mass loadings were positively correlated with O3 in ozone depletion events (ODEs) for all the observations in the ABL suggesting that BC was removed by dry deposition of BC on the snow or ice because molecular bromine, Br2, which photolyzes and catalytically destroys O3, is thought to be released near the open leads in regions of ice formation. We estimate the deposition flux of BC mass to the snow using a box model constrained by the vertical profiles of BC in the ABL. The open leads may increase vertical mixing in the ABL and entrainment of pollution from the free troposphere possibly enhancing the deposition of BC to the snow.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and source attribution of submicron aerosol particles in the summertime Arctic lower troposphere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Köllner ◽  
Johannes Schneider ◽  
Megan D. Willis ◽  
Hannes Schulz ◽  
Daniel Kunkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Particle Composition ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Vegetation Fires

Abstract. We use airborne measurements of aerosol particle composition to demonstrate the strong contrast between particle sources and composition within and above the summertime Arctic boundary layer. In-situ measurements from two complementary aerosol mass spectrometers, the ALABAMA and the HR-ToF-AMS, with black carbon measurements from an SP2 are presented. Particle composition analysis was complemented by trace gas measurements, satellite data, and air mass history modeling to attribute particle properties to particle origin and air mass source regions. Particle composition above the summertime Arctic boundary layer was dominated by chemically aged particles, containing elemental carbon, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, and organic matter. From our analysis, we conclude that the presence of these particles was driven by transport of aerosol and precursor gases from mid-latitudes to Arctic regions. Particularly, elevated concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, and organic matter coincided with time spent over vegetation fires in northern Canada. In parallel, those particles were largely present in high CO environments (> 90 ppbv). Additionally, we observed that the organic-to-sulfate ratio was enhanced with increasing influence from these fires. Besides vegetation fires, particle sources in mid-latitudes further include anthropogenic emissions in Europe, North America, and East Asia. The presence of particles in the Arctic lower free troposphere correlated with time spent over populated and industrial areas in these regions. Further, the size distribution of free tropospheric particles containing elemental carbon and nitrate was shifter to larger diameters compared to particles present within the boundary layer. Moreover, our analysis suggests that organic matter when present in the Arctic free troposphere can partly be identified as low-molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, malonic, and succinic acid). Particles containing dicarboxylic acids were largely present when the residence time of air masses outside Arctic regions was high. In contrast, particle composition within the marine boundary layer was largely driven by Arctic regional processes. Air mass history modeling demonstrated that alongside primary sea spray particles, marine-biogenic sources contributed to secondary aerosol formation by trimethylamine, methanesulfonic acid, sulfate, and other organic species.

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