scholarly journals Ship- and island-based atmospheric soundings from the 2020 EUREC<sup>4</sup>A field campaign

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Christine Stephan ◽  
Sabrina Schnitt ◽  
Hauke Schulz ◽  
Hugo Bellenger ◽  
Simon P. de Szoeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Public ◽  
Synoptic Variability ◽  
Mesoscale Convective ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Lifting Condensation Level ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Convective Organization

Abstract. To advance the understanding of the interplay among clouds, convection, and circulation, and its role in climate change, the EUREC4A and ATOMIC field campaigns collected measurements in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. Upper-air radiosondes were launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from a network consisting of the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and four ships within 51–60° W, 6–16° N. From January 8 to February 19, a total of 812 radiosondes measured wind, temperature and relative humidity. In addition to the ascent, the descent was recorded for 82 % of the soundings. The soundings sampled changes in atmospheric pressure, winds, lifting condensation level, boundary layer depth, and vertical distribution of moisture associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. Raw (Level-0), quality-controlled 1-second (Level-1), and vertically gridded (Level-2) data in NetCDF format (Stephan et al., 2020) are available to the public at AERIS (https://doi.org/10.25326/62). The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data set are described here.

scholarly journals Ship- and island-based atmospheric soundings from the 2020 EUREC<sup>4</sup>A field campaign

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Christine Stephan ◽  
Sabrina Schnitt ◽  
Hauke Schulz ◽  
Hugo Bellenger ◽  
Simon P. de Szoeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Public ◽  
Synoptic Variability ◽  
Mesoscale Convective ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Lifting Condensation Level ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Convective Organization

Abstract. To advance the understanding of the interplay among clouds, convection, and circulation, and its role in climate change, the Elucidating the role of clouds–circulation coupling in climate campaign (EUREC4A) and Atlantic Tradewind Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) collected measurements in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. Upper-air radiosondes were launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from a network consisting of the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and four ships within 6–16∘ N, 51–60∘ W. From 8 January to 19 February, a total of 811 radiosondes measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. In addition to the ascent, the descent was recorded for 82 % of the soundings. The soundings sampled changes in atmospheric pressure, winds, lifting condensation level, boundary layer depth, and vertical distribution of moisture associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. Raw (Level 0), quality-controlled 1 s (Level 1), and vertically gridded (Level 2) data in NetCDF format (Stephan et al., 2020) are available to the public at AERIS (https://doi.org/10.25326/137). The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data set are described here.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF SATISFACTION WITH GOVERNMENTAL QUALITY EFFORTS BASED ON DIFFERENT INFLUENCING FACTORS—WITH THE MONITORING DATA OF LIAONING PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JING-XING LIAO ◽  
LEI FENG ◽  
XIAO-WEN XU
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Quality Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Quality Awareness ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Satisfaction With Services

In order to intensify quality efforts, strengthen the responsibility for quality safety, raise the overall level of quality and comprehensively and systematically understand the effectiveness of quality improvement actions of government and the gap between quality perception and requirements f consumers, this paper set up 5 level-1 indicators and 13 corresponding level-2 indicators in five fields of product quality, engineering quality, service quality, environmental quality and quality awareness to monitor the public satisfaction with governmental quality efforts in Liaoning Province. The results show that the public satisfaction with services in the fields of engineering quality and product quality is rather low, calling for greater attention from Liaoning Provincial Government and further improvement.

scholarly journals IASI temperature and water vapor retrievals – error assessment and validation

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 6453-6458 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pougatchev ◽  
T. August ◽  
X. Calbet ◽  
T. Hultberg ◽  
O. Oduleye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Statistical Validation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Error Covariance ◽  
Recent Version ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The METOP-A satellite Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) Level 2 products comprise retrievals of vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor. The error covariance matrices and biases of the most recent version (4.3.1) of the L2 data were assessed, and the assessment was validated using radiosonde data for reference. The radiosonde data set includes dedicated and synoptic time launches at the Lindenberg station in Germany. For optimal validation, the linear statistical Validation Assessment Model (VAM) was used. The VAM uses radiosonde profiles as input and provides optimal estimate of the nominal IASI retrieval by utilizing IASI averaging kernels and statistical characteristics of the ensembles of the reference radiosondes. For temperatures above 900 mb and water retrievals above 700 mb, level expected and assessed errors are in good agreement. Below those levels, noticeable excess in assessed error is observed, possibly due to inaccurate surface parameters and undetected clouds/haze.

scholarly journals Independence of Internal Audit Unit Influence the Internal Audit Capability of Malaysian Public Sector Organizations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Ain Zakiah Mohd Yusof ◽  
Hasnah Haron ◽  
Ishak Ismail ◽  
Ong Hock Chye
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Internal Auditors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Public Sector Organizations ◽  
Independence Results ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Capability Level

Measuring capability level of a service provider is ambiguous, so does an internal audit unit in the public sector. Prominently, there is very scarce research conducted on this issue. In this study, the Internal Audit Capability Model (IACM) is used to measure the capability while the independence of the internal audit is studied as one of the factors influencing it. Questionnaires were sent to head of internal auditors which list obtained from National Audit Department. Total of 70 responses was received and analyzed for descriptive statistics and relationship testing using SPSS and SmartPLS. It was found that 47 organizations were only at capability level 1 Initial while remaining 13 organizations were at least scored capability Level 2 Infrastructure. This shows that the Malaysian public sector must strengthen its internal audit unit, especially in People Management, to develop higher capability level. It was also found that independence of the internal audit unit has a positive and significant influence on the overall internal audit capability level. Lack of independence results in lack of quality internal audit unit thus gives an impact on the capability level. IACM used in this study could provide the organization with a road map to enhance its capability.

scholarly journals Long and Strong Security using Reputation and ECC for Cloud Assisted Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
D Antony Joseph Rajan ◽  
E R Naganathan
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Node ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
General Networks

Wireless sensor network plays a significant role in the construction of smart cities, and the social network includes the Internet of Things, etc. In general, networks are most vulnerable of all the wireless devices due to the massive damage caused by disrupting these networks. Hence the nodes present in the network should get validated for its reputation. Therefore a Long and Strong Security mechanism with two-level checks is proposed here. Level 1 check includes verifying node reputation value and level 2 check includes Elliptical curve cryptography (ECC). Each sensor node sends the public master key to the cloud and secretly stored in the sensor node. Before data transmission, every node checks the master key, and if the master key is a match, then it transmits the data to the next hop. This process is continued until the source reaches the destination in the network.

scholarly journals IASI temperature and water vapor retrievals – error assessment and validation

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 7971-7989 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pougatchev ◽  
T. August ◽  
X. Calbet ◽  
T. Hultberg ◽  
O. Oduleye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Statistical Validation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Error Covariance ◽  
Recent Version ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The METOP-A satellite Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) Level 2 products comprise retrievals of vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor. The error covariance matrices and biases of the most recent version (4.3.1) of the L2 data were assessed, and the assessment was validated using radiosonde data for reference. The radiosonde data set includes dedicated and synoptic time launches at the Lindenberg station in Germany. For optimal validation, the linear statistical Validation Assessment Model (VAM) was used. The VAM uses radiosonde profiles as input and provides optimal estimate of the nominal IASI retrieval by utilizing IASI averaging kernels and statistical characteristics of the ensembles of the reference radiosondes. For temperature temperatures above 900 mb and water retrievals above 700 mb, level expected and assessed errors are in good agreement. Below those levels, noticeable excess in assessed error is observed, possibly due to inaccurate surface parameters and undetected clouds/haze.

scholarly journals Prediction in Multilevel Models

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Afshartous ◽  
Jan de Leeuw
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Parameter Space ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Prediction Rule ◽  
Hierarchical Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Prediction Rules ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Multilevel modeling is an increasingly popular technique for analyzing hierarchical data. This article addresses the problem of predicting a future observable y*j in thej th group of a hierarchical data set. Three prediction rules are considered and several analytical results on the relative performance of these prediction rules are demonstrated. In addition, the prediction rules are assessed by means of a Monte Carlo study that extensively covers both the sample size and parameter space. Specifically, the sample size space concerns the various combinations of Level 1 (individual) and Level 2 (group) sample sizes, while the parameter space concerns different intraclass correlation values. The three prediction rules employ OLS, prior, and multilevel estimators for the Level 1 coefficientsβj The multilevel prediction rule performs the best across all design conditions, and the prior prediction rule degrades as the number of groups, J, increases. Finally, this article investigates the robustness of the multilevel prediction rule to misspecifications of the Level 2 model.

scholarly journals Identification and Ranking of the Reasons for not Referring Patients from Level 1 to Level 2 through Electronic Referral System of Golestan Province in 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Kabir ◽  
Alireza Heidari ◽  
Zahra Khatirnamani ◽  
Sakine Beygom Kazemi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Honarvar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Referral System ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
The Public ◽  
Specialist Physician ◽  
Golestan Province ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Specialized Services ◽  
Electronic Referral ◽  
Level 2

Background: The public sector of the health care system provides justice and access for all people who need more specialized services through the referral system. If the challenges of the referral system are not identified and addressed promptly, the system will not be efficient and effective. The purpose of this study was to rank the reasons for non-referral of outpatient level 1 to level 2 in the electronic referral system of Golestan province in 2019. Methods: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 431 outpatients participated from the pilot hospitals of the e-referral system in Golestan province, who did not refer to the level 2 specialist despite that an appointment was set by the system. The participants were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics and Friedman test in SPSS 23 software. Results: The most important reasons for patients who were not  referred from level 1 to level 2 in the electronic referral system included the presence of a trusted and familiar physician, inability to pay the visit of a specialist, and high cost of transportation from home to the designated specialist, respectively. The gender of the specialist physician and lack of guidance on referral to the specialist physician were indicated by the referral center. Patients ranked the reasons of not referring to the specialist differently (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The current status can be improved by increasing the public confidence in specialized physicians working in the electronic referral system and making the specialized services free for the poor patients. Furthermore, raising the patient's awareness about using Level 2 specialized services through the mass media can help patients to benefit from these services.

Electing the Senate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J. Schiller ◽  
Charles Stewart III
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Senate Elections ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Seventeenth Amendment ◽  
The People ◽  
Election Process

From 1789 to 1913, U.S. senators were not directly elected by the people—instead the Constitution mandated that they be chosen by state legislators. This radically changed in 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, giving the public a direct vote. This book investigates the electoral connections among constituents, state legislators, political parties, and U.S. senators during the age of indirect elections. The book finds that even though parties controlled the partisan affiliation of the winning candidate for Senate, they had much less control over the universe of candidates who competed for votes in Senate elections and the parties did not always succeed in resolving internal conflict among their rank and file. Party politics, money, and personal ambition dominated the election process, in a system originally designed to insulate the Senate from public pressure. The book uses an original data set of all the roll call votes cast by state legislators for U.S. senators from 1871 to 1913 and all state legislators who served during this time. Newspaper and biographical accounts uncover vivid stories of the political maneuvering, corruption, and partisanship—played out by elite political actors, from elected officials, to party machine bosses, to wealthy business owners—that dominated the indirect Senate elections process. The book raises important questions about the effectiveness of Constitutional reforms, such as the Seventeenth Amendment, that promised to produce a more responsive and accountable government.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH STATISTIKA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Aunur Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan komunikasi matematis mahasiswa terhadap pemahaman statistika. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa hasil pekerjaan tes tertulis tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis dan wawancara terhadap subjek penelitian. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan tes dan wawancara. Uji keabsahan data yang digunakan adalah triangulasi. Data penelitan yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan analisis data non statistik yang terdiri dari tiga alur, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Terdapat 5 mahasiswa yang berada pada level 0 (sangat kurang baik); 2) 24 mahasiswa berada pada level 1 (kurang baik); 3) 6 mahasiswa berada pada level 2 (cukup baik); Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memacu individu lain untuk melakukan penelitian yang lebih baik dan mendalam tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis.

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