Supplementary material to "A Long Term (2005–2019) Eddy Covariance Data Set of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes from the Tibetan Alpine Steppe"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Nieberding ◽  
Cristian Wille ◽  
Gerardo Fratini ◽  
Magnus O. Asmussen ◽  
Yuyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Alpine Steppe ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals A Long Term (2005–2019) Eddy Covariance Data Set of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes from the Tibetan Alpine Steppe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Nieberding ◽  
Cristian Wille ◽  
Gerardo Fratini ◽  
Magnus O. Asmussen ◽  
Yuyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Alpine Steppe ◽  
Turbulence Regime ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Steppe Ecosystem ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem covers an area of roughly 800,000 km2, containing up to 3.3 % soil organic carbon in the uppermost 30 cm, summing up to 1.93 PgvC for the Tibet Autonomous Region only (472,037 km2). With temperatures rising two to three times faster than the global average, these carbon stocks are at risk of loss due to enhanced soil respiration. The remote location and the harsh environmental conditions on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) make it challenging to derive accurate data on ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Here, we provide the first multi-year data set of CO2 and H2O fluxes from the central Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem, measured in situ using the eddy covariance technique. The calculated fluxes were rigorously quality checked and carefully corrected for a drift in concentration measurements and gas analyzer self heating during cold conditions. A wind field analysis was conducted to identify influences of adjacent buildings on the turbulence regime and to exclude the disturbed fluxes from subsequent computations. The presented CO2 fluxes were additionally gap filled using a standardized approach. The very low net carbon uptake across the 15-year data set highlights the special vulnerability of the Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem to become a source of CO2 due to global warming. The data is freely available (https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3733203, Nieberding et al., 2020b) and may help to better understand the role of the Tibetan alpine steppe in the global carbon-climate feedback.

scholarly journals Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1633-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Peel ◽  
B. L. Finlayson ◽  
T. A. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Climate Type ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Global Data

Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the Köppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the Köppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the Köppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world Köppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically in the Supplementary Material Section.

scholarly journals A long-term (2002 to 2017) record of closed-path and open-path eddy covariance CO<sub>2</sub> net ecosystem exchange fluxes from the Siberian Arctic

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Holl ◽  
Christian Wille ◽  
Torsten Sachs ◽  
Peter Schreiber ◽  
Benjamin R. K. Runkle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Closed Path ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Open Path ◽  
Siberian Arctic

Abstract. Ground-based observations of land–atmosphere fluxes are necessary to progressively improve global climate models. Observed data can be used for model evaluation and to develop or tune process models. In arctic permafrost regions, climate–carbon feedbacks are amplified. Therefore, increased efforts to better represent these regions in global climate models have been made in recent years. We present a multi-annual time series of land–atmosphere carbon dioxide fluxes measured in situ with the eddy covariance technique in the Siberian Arctic (72∘22′ N, 126∘30′ E). The site is part of the international network of eddy covariance flux observation stations (FLUXNET; site ID: Ru-Sam). The data set includes consistently processed fluxes based on concentration measurements of closed-path and open-path gas analyzers. With parallel records from both sensor types, we were able to apply a site-specific correction to open-path fluxes. This correction is necessary due to a deterioration of data, caused by heat generated by the electronics of open-path gas analyzers. Parameterizing this correction for subperiods of distinct sensor setups yielded good agreement between open- and closed-path fluxes. We compiled a long-term (2002 to 2017) carbon dioxide flux time series that we additionally gap-filled with a standardized approach. The data set was uploaded to the Pangaea database and can be accessed through https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.892751.

scholarly journals A long-term (2005–2019) eddy covariance data set of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from the Tibetan alpine steppe

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2705-2724
Author(s):  
Felix Nieberding ◽  
Christian Wille ◽  
Gerardo Fratini ◽  
Magnus O. Asmussen ◽  
Yuyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Alpine Steppe ◽  
Turbulence Regime ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Steppe Ecosystem ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem covers an area of roughly 800 000 km2 and contains up to 3.3 % soil organic carbon in the uppermost 30 cm, summing up to 1.93 Pg C for the Tibet Autonomous Region only (472 037 km2). With temperatures rising 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, these carbon stocks are at risk of loss due to enhanced soil respiration. The remote location and the harsh environmental conditions on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) make it challenging to derive accurate data on the ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Here, we provide the first multiyear data set of CO2 and H2O fluxes from the central Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem, measured in situ using the eddy covariance technique. The calculated fluxes were rigorously quality checked and carefully corrected for a drift in concentration measurements. The gas analyzer self-heating effect during cold conditions was evaluated using the standard correction procedure and newly revised formulations (Burba et al., 2008; Frank and Massman, 2020). A wind field analysis was conducted to identify influences of adjacent buildings on the turbulence regime and to exclude the disturbed fluxes from subsequent computations. The presented CO2 fluxes were additionally gap filled using a standardized approach. The very low net carbon uptake across the 15-year data set highlights the special vulnerability of the Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem to become a source of CO2 due to global warming. The data are freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3733202 (Nieberding et al., 2020a) and https://doi.org/10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.270333 (Nieberding et al., 2020b) and may help us to better understand the role of the Tibetan alpine steppe in the global carbon–climate feedback.

Configurations to Superior Environmental Innovation Strategy: A Both–And Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 108602662110316
Author(s):  
Tiziana Russo-Spena ◽  
Nadia Di Paola ◽  
Aidan O’Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
Environmental Innovation ◽  
Data Set

An effective climate change action involves the critical role that companies must play in assuring the long-term human and social well-being of future generations. In our study, we offer a more holistic, inclusive, both–and approach to the challenge of environmental innovation (EI) that uses a novel methodology to identify relevant configurations for firms engaging in a superior EI strategy. A conceptual framework is proposed that identifies six sets of driving characteristics of EI and two sets of beneficial outcomes, all inherently tensional. Our analysis utilizes a complementary rather than an oppositional point of view. A data set of 65 companies in the ICT value chain is analyzed via fuzzy-set comparative analysis (fsQCA) and a post-QCA procedure. The results reveal that achieving a superior EI strategy is possible in several scenarios. Specifically, after close examination, two main configuration groups emerge, referred to as technological environmental innovators and organizational environmental innovators.

EXPRESS: How Does Bonus Payment Affect the Demand for Auto Loans and Their Delinquency?

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372110092
Author(s):  
Zhenling Jiang ◽  
Dennis J. Zhang ◽  
Tat Chan
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Products ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Consumer Panel ◽  
Loan Demand ◽  
Bonus Payments ◽  
Base Salary ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Shed Light

This paper studies how receiving a bonus changes the consumers’ demand for auto loans and the risk of future delinquency. Unlike traditional consumer products, auto loans have a long-term impact on consumers’ financial state because of the monthly payment obligation. Using a large consumer panel data set of credit and employment information, the authors find that receiving a bonus increases auto loan demand by 21 percent. These loans, however, are associated with higher risk, as the delinquency rate increases by 18.5 −31.4 percent depending on different measures. In contrast, an increase in consumers’ base salary will increase the demand for auto loans but not the delinquency. By comparing consumers with bonuses with those without bonuses, the authors find that bonus payments lead to both demand expansion and demand shifting on auto loans. The empirical findings help shed light on how consumers make financial decisions and have important implications for financial institutions on when demand for auto loans and the associated risk arise.

scholarly journals Principals between exploitation and exploration: Results of a nationwide study on ambidexterity of school leaders

2020 ◽  
pp. 174114322094570
Author(s):  
Marcus Pietsch ◽  
Pierre Tulowitzki ◽  
Colin Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
Nationwide Study ◽  
Efficiency Control ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration ◽  
Discontinuous Innovation

Both organizational and management research suggest that schools and their leaders need to be ambidextrous to secure prosperity and long-term survival in dynamic environments characterized by competition and innovation. In this context, ambidexterity refers to the ability to simultaneously pursue exploitation and exploration and thus to deliver efficiency, control and incremental improvements while embracing flexibility, autonomy and discontinuous innovation. Using a unique, randomized and representative data set of N = 405 principals, we present findings on principals’ exploitation and exploration. The results indicate: (a) that principals engage far more often in exploitative than in explorative activities; (b) that exploitative activities in schools are executed at the expense of explorative activities; and (c) that explorative and ambidextrous activities of principals are positively associated with the (perceived) competition between schools. The study brings a novel perspective to educational research and demonstrates that applying the concept of ambidexterity has the potential to further our understanding of effective educational leadership and management.

scholarly journals Statistically rigorous calculations do not support common input and long-term synchronization of motor-unit firings

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 2729-2744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo J. De Luca ◽  
Joshua C. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Common Input ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Score Method ◽  
Surface Electromyographic Signal ◽  
Measure Synchronization

Over the past four decades, various methods have been implemented to measure synchronization of motor-unit firings. In this work, we provide evidence that prior reports of the existence of universal common inputs to all motoneurons and the presence of long-term synchronization are misleading, because they did not use sufficiently rigorous statistical tests to detect synchronization. We developed a statistically based method (SigMax) for computing synchronization and tested it with data from 17,736 motor-unit pairs containing 1,035,225 firing instances from the first dorsal interosseous and vastus lateralis muscles—a data set one order of magnitude greater than that reported in previous studies. Only firing data, obtained from surface electromyographic signal decomposition with >95% accuracy, were used in the study. The data were not subjectively selected in any manner. Because of the size of our data set and the statistical rigor inherent to SigMax, we have confidence that the synchronization values that we calculated provide an improved estimate of physiologically driven synchronization. Compared with three other commonly used techniques, ours revealed three types of discrepancies that result from failing to use sufficient statistical tests necessary to detect synchronization. 1) On average, the z-score method falsely detected synchronization at 16 separate latencies in each motor-unit pair. 2) The cumulative sum method missed one out of every four synchronization identifications found by SigMax. 3) The common input assumption method identified synchronization from 100% of motor-unit pairs studied. SigMax revealed that only 50% of motor-unit pairs actually manifested synchronization.

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