scholarly journals Geo-neutrinos

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-561
Author(s):  
L. Ludhova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Disciplinary Field

Abstract. Geo-neutrinos, electron anti-neutrinos produced in β-decays of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes in the Earth, are a unique direct probe of our planet's interior. After a brief introduction about the Earth (mostly for physicists) and the very basics about the neutrinos and anti-neutrinos (mostly for geologists), I describe the geo-neutrinos' properties and the main aims of their study. An overview of the latest experimental results obtained by KamLand and Borexino experiments is provided. A short overview of future perspectives of this new inter-disciplinary field is given.

scholarly journals Review article "Geo-neutrinos"

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ludhova
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Disciplinary Field

Abstract. Geo-neutrinos, electron anti-neutrinos produced in β-decays of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes in the Earth, are a unique direct probe of our planet's interior. After a brief introduction about the Earth (mostly for physicists) and the very basics about the neutrinos and anti-neutrinos (mostly for geologists), I describe the geo-neutrino properties and the main aims of their study. An overview of the latest experimental results obtained by KamLAND and Borexino experiments is provided. A short overview of future perspectives of this new inter-disciplinary field is given.

scholarly journals Recent advances on biomass-fueled microbial fuel cell

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamile Mohammadi Moradian ◽  
Zhen Fang ◽  
Yang-Chun Yong
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
The Earth

AbstractBiomass is one of the most abundant renewable energy resources on the earth, which is also considered as one of the most promising alternatives to traditional fuel energy. In recent years, microbial fuel cell (MFC) which can directly convert the chemical energy from organic compounds into electric energy has been developed. By using MFC, biomass energy could be directly harvested with the form of electricity, the most convenient, wide-spread, and clean energy. Therefore, MFC was considered as another promising way to harness the sustainable energies in biomass and added new dimension to the biomass energy industry. In this review, the pretreatment methods for biomass towards electricity harvesting with MFC, and the microorganisms utilized in biomass-fueled MFC were summarized. Further, strategies for improving the performance of biomass-fueled MFC as well as future perspectives were highlighted.

scholarly journals In-Situ Cosmogenic 14C: Production and Examples of its Unique Applications in Studies of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Processes

Radiocarbon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2B) ◽  
pp. 731-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lal ◽  
A J T Jull
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

Nuclear interactions of cosmic rays produce a number of stable and radioactive isotopes on the earth (Lai and Peters 1967). Two of these, 14C and 10Be, find applications as tracers in a wide variety of earth science problems by virtue of their special combination of attributes: 1) their source functions, 2) their half-lives, and 3) their chemical properties. The radioisotope, 14C (half-life = 5730 yr) produced in the earth's atmosphere was the first to be discovered (Anderson et al. 1947; Libby 1952). The next longer-lived isotope, also produced in the earth's atmosphere, 10Be (half-life = 1.5 myr) was discovered independently by two groups within a decade (Arnold 1956; Goel et al. 1957; Lal 1991a). Both the isotopes are produced efficiently in the earth's atmosphere, and also in solids on the earth's surface. Independently and jointly they serve as useful tracers for characterizing the evolutionary history of a wide range of materials and artifacts. Here, we specifically focus on the production of 14C in terrestrial solids, designated as in-situ-produced 14C (to differentiate it from atmospheric 14C, initially produced in the atmosphere). We also illustrate the application to several earth science problems. This is a relatively new area of investigations, using 14C as a tracer, which was made possible by the development of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The availability of the in-situ 14C variety has enormously enhanced the overall scope of 14C as a tracer (singly or together with in-situ-produced 10Be), which eminently qualifies it as a unique tracer for studying earth sciences.

scholarly journals Geoethics for Nudging Human Practices in Times of Pandemics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Marone ◽  
Martin Bohle
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Disciplinary Field ◽  
Human Practices

Geoscientists developed geoethics, an intra-disciplinary field of applied philosophical studies, during the last decade. Reaching beyond the sphere of professional geosciences, it led to professional, cultural, and philosophical approaches to handle the social-ecological structures of our planet ‘wherever human activities interact with the Earth system’. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 and considering geoscientists’ experiences dealing with disasters (related to hazards like tsunamis, floods, climate changes.), this essay (1) explores the geoethical approach, (2) re-casts geoethics within western philosophical systems, such as the Kantian imperatives, Kohlberg scale of moral adequacy, Jonas’ imperative of responsibility, and (3) advances a ‘geoethical thesis’. The latter takes the form of a hypothesis of a much broader scope of geoethics than initially envisioned. That hypothesis appears by suspecting a relationship between the relative successes in the COVID-19 battle with the positioning of agents (individual, collective, institutional) into ethical frameworks. The turmoil caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, calls for the transfer of experiences between different disciplinary domains to further sustainable governance, hence generalising the geoethical approach. It is emphasized that only when behaving as responsible and knowledgeable citizens, then people of any trade (including [geo-]scientists) can transgress the boundaries of ordinary governance practices with legitimacy.

scholarly journals Geomagnetism, volcanoes, global climate change, and predictability. A progress report

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (5 Sup.) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Gregori
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Proxy Data ◽  
Interstellar Clouds ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Glacier Melting

A model is investigated, by which the encounters of the solar system with dense interstellar clouds ought to trigger either geomagnetic field reversals or excursions, that produce extra electric currents within the Earth dynamo, that cause extra Joule's heating, that supplies volcanoes and endogenous processes. Volcanoes increase the Earth degassing into the atmosphere, hence the concentration of the minor atmospheric constituents, including the greenhouse gases, hence they affect climate temperature, glacier melting, sea level and global change. This investigation implies both theoretical studies and observational data handling on different time scales, including present day phenomena, instrumental data series, historical records, proxy data, and geological and palaeontological evidences. The state of the art is briefly outlined, mentioning some already completed achievements, investigations in progress, and future perspectives.

scholarly journals Epsilon-poly-L-lysine: Recent Advances in Biomanufacturing and Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Wang ◽  
Chongyang Zhang ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Zhiming Rao ◽  
Xueming Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Process Engineering ◽  
Polymerization Degree ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is a naturally occurring poly(amino acid) of varying polymerization degree, which possesses excellent antimicrobial activity and has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. To provide new perspectives from recent advances, this review compares several conventional and advanced strategies for the discovery of wild strains and development of high-producing strains, including isolation and culture-based traditional methods as well as genome mining and directed evolution. We also summarize process engineering approaches for improving production, including optimization of environmental conditions and utilization of industrial waste. Then, efficient downstream purification methods are described, including their drawbacks, followed by the brief introductions of proposed antimicrobial mechanisms of ε-PL and its recent applications. Finally, we discuss persistent challenges and future perspectives for the commercialization of ε-PL.

A naturally occurring uranium chain reactor on the earth

1973 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-501
Author(s):  
N. A. Vlasov
Keyword(s):  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Earth

Synthesis and characterization of NaAlSi2O6 jadeite under high pressure and high temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (22) ◽  
pp. 1450175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Biao Wang ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Ning Chen ◽  
Xiao Peng Jia ◽  
Hong An Ma
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Amorphous Glass

With Al 2( SiO 3)3 and Na 2 SiO 3 ⋅ 9 H 2 O as raw materials, the NaAlSi 2 O 6 jadeite was synthesized in the temperature range of 1000–1600°C under 5.0 GPa conditions. Amorphous glass materials are entirely converted to crystalline NaAlSi 2 O 6 jadeite at 5.0 GPa and 1450°C. All the experimental results reveal that the properties of synthetic NaAlSi 2 O 6 resemble the natural jadeite very much. The research indicates that we provide a new approach to synthesize NaAlSi 2 O 6 and offer an essential guideline for jewelry, which will be helpful for deep understanding on the origin of natural jadeite and the metamorphism of magma within the Earth.

scholarly journals Current standards and ethical landscape of engineered tissues—3D bioprinting perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204173142110276
Author(s):  
Muthu Parkkavi Sekar ◽  
Harshavardhan Budharaju ◽  
Allen Zennifer ◽  
Swaminathan Sethuraman ◽  
Niki Vermeulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Disciplinary Field ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Functional Regeneration ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Cellular Components

Tissue engineering is an evolving multi-disciplinary field with cutting-edge technologies and innovative scientific perceptions that promise functional regeneration of damaged tissues/organs. Tissue engineered medical products (TEMPs) are biomaterial-cell products or a cell-drug combination which is injected, implanted or topically applied in the course of a therapeutic or diagnostic procedure. Current tissue engineering strategies aim at 3D printing/bioprinting that uses cells and polymers to construct living tissues/organs in a layer-by-layer fashion with high 3D precision. However, unlike conventional drugs or therapeutics, TEMPs and 3D bioprinted tissues are novel therapeutics and need different regulatory protocols for clinical trials and commercialization processes. Therefore, it is essential to understand the complexity of raw materials, cellular components, and manufacturing procedures to establish standards that can help to translate these products from bench to bedside. These complexities are reflected in the regulations and standards that are globally in practice to prevent any compromise or undue risks to patients. This review comprehensively describes the current legislations, standards for TEMPs with a special emphasis on 3D bioprinted tissues. Based on these overviews, challenges in the clinical translation of TEMPs & 3D bioprinted tissues/organs along with their ethical concerns and future perspectives are discussed.

HRTEM observations on electron irradiation damage in F-apatite

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 378-379
Author(s):  
M. Cameron ◽  
L.M. Wang ◽  
K.D. Crowley ◽  
R.C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Irradiation Damage ◽  
Apatite Structure ◽  
Waste Forms ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Hydroxyl Apatite ◽  
Nuclear Waste Forms

Radiation damage in crystalline phases with the apatite structure is of interest in the biomedical, geoscience, and materials science communities. Phases close to hydroxyl apatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] in composition are volumetrically the most significant in dental enamel and bone. Natural apatites with variable halogen compositions [Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH,Cl)] are used by geoscientists to place constraints on the thermochronologic conditions under which portions of the Earth evolved. Rare-earth-silicate isomorphs of these naturally occurring apatites are also of interest because they may be actinide hosts in ceramic nuclear waste forms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document