Development and evaluation of an Earth-system model – HadGEM2

Abstract. We describe here the development and evaluation of an Earth system model suitable for centennial-scale climate prediction. The principal new components added to the physical climate model are the terrestrial and ocean ecosystems and gas-phase tropospheric chemistry, along with their coupled interactions. The individual Earth system components are described briefly and the relevant interactions between the components are explained. Because the multiple interactions could lead to unstable feedbacks, we go through a careful process of model spin up to ensure that all components are stable and the interactions balanced. This spun-up configuration is evaluated against observed data for the Earth system components and is generally found to perform very satisfactorily. The reason for the evaluation phase is that the model is to be used for the core climate simulations carried out by the Met Office Hadley Centre for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), so it is essential that addition of the extra complexity does not detract substantially from its climate performance. Localised changes in some specific meteorological variables can be identified, but the impacts on the overall simulation of present day climate are slight. This model is proving valuable both for climate predictions, and for investigating the strengths of biogeochemical feedbacks.

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Development and evaluation of an Earth-System model – HadGEM2

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-4-1051-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 1051-1075 ◽

Cited By ~ 734

Author(s):

W. J. Collins ◽

N. Bellouin ◽

M. Doutriaux-Boucher ◽

N. Gedney ◽

P. Halloran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Tropospheric Chemistry ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Evaluation Phase ◽

System Components ◽

The Individual ◽

Hadley Centre

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Coupling the Earth system model INMCM with the biogeochemical flux model

Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling ◽

10.1515/rnam-2018-0027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 325-331

Author(s):

Ilya A. Chernov ◽

Nikolay G. Iakovlev

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

World Ocean ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Horizontal Resolution ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Time Step ◽

The Earth

Abstract In the present paper we consider the first results of modelling the World Ocean biogeochemistry system within the framework of the Earth system model: a global atmosphere-ocean-ice-land-biogeochemistry model. It is based on the INMCM climate model (version INMCM39) coupled with the pelagic ecosystem model BFM. The horizontal resolution was relatively low: 2∘ × 2.5∘ for the ‘longitude’ and ‘latitude’ in transformed coordinates with the North Pole moved to land, 33 non-equidistant σ-horizons, 1 hour time step. We have taken into account 54 main rivers worldwide with run–off supplied by the atmosphere submodel. The setup includes nine plankton groups, 60 tracers in total. Some components sink with variable speed. We discuss challenges of coupling the BFM with the σ-coordinate ocean model. The presented results prove that the model output is realistic in comparison with the observed data, the numerical efficiency is high enough, and the coupled model may serve as a basis for further simulations of the long-term climate change.

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Setup of the PMIP3 paleoclimate experiments conducted using an Earth System Model, MIROC-ESM

Geoscientific Model Development Discussions ◽

10.5194/gmdd-5-2527-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 2527-2569 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Sueyoshi ◽

R. Ohgaito ◽

A. Yamamoto ◽

M. O. Chikamoto ◽

T. Hajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Future Climate ◽

System Model ◽

Climate Feedback ◽

Climate Projections ◽

Earth System ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Intercomparison Project

Abstract. The importance of climate model evaluation using paleoclimate simulations for better future climate projections has been recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In recent years, Earth System Models (ESMs) were developed to investigate carbon-cycle climate feedback, as well as to project the future climate. Paleoclimate events, especially those associated with the variations in atmospheric CO2 level or land vegetation, provide suitable benchmarks to evaluate ESMs. Here we present implementations of the paleoclimate experiments proposed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5/Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP5/PMIP3) using an Earth System Model, MIROC-ESM. In this paper, experimental settings and procedures of the mid-Holocene, the Last Glacial Maximum, and the Last Millennium experiments are explained. The first two experiments are time slice experiments and the last one is a transient experiment. The complexity of the model requires various steps to correctly configure the experiments. Several basic outputs are also shown.

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Hindcast Simulation of Medicanes with an Atmosphere-Ocean-Wave Coupled Modelling System

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1062 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fulden Batıbeniz ◽

Barış Önol ◽

Ufuk Utku Turuncoglu

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Wave Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Climate Projections ◽

Earth System ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Modelling System ◽

Research Grant

Tropical-like Mediterranean storms associated with strong winds, low pressure centers and extreme precipitation are called medicanes. These devastating storms threaten the coastal regions and some small islands in the Mediterranean. Recent studies including future climate projections indicate that the intensity of medicanes could increase under the climate change conditions. Therefore it is important to improve a comprehensive understanding of the medicanes and theirs occurrence processes including thermodynamic mechanisms between the atmosphere and the sea. In pursuing these mechanisms, we use reanalysis/observations (ECMWF&#8217;s ERA5 and MyOCEAN etc.) and coupled Regional Earth System Model (RegESM). The RegESM model is run in coupled mode (Regional Climate Model-RegCM4-12km coupled with Regional Ocean Modelling System-ROMS-1/12&#176;, and Wave Model-WAM-0.125&#176;) and uncoupled mode (RegCM4 only-12km) for 1979-2012 period over the Med-CORDEX domain prescribed under the CORDEX framework. Additionally, standalone simulation of RegCM4 has been forced by Era-Interim Reanalysis over the Med-CORDEX domain and the standalone simulation of the wave model (WAM) has been forced by the standalone RegCM4 wind field (12 km horizontal resolution) for the Mediterranean Sea.We analyze the ability of the coupled and uncoupled models to reproduce the characteristics of the observed medicanes and to investigate the role of air-sea interaction in the simulation of key processes that govern medicane occurrences over the study area. In general, the spatial extent and the timing of the observed medicanes better simulated with the coupled model. The reason behind this better replication with the coupled model is the wave model&#8217;s interactive contribution with the roughness length to the surface winds, which allows necessary conditions for medicane formation. Our results also reveals that the recently developed modeling system RegESM incorporates atmosphere, ocean and wave components and thereby is better capable to improve the understanding of the mechanisms driving medicanes.Keywords Regional earth system model, Ocean-atmosphere-wave coupling, MedicanesAcknowledgements This study has been supported by a research grant 40248 by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul Technical University (ITU) and &#160;a research grant (116Y136) provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). The computing resources used in this work were provided by the National Center for High Performance Computing of Turkey (UHEM) under grant number 5004782017.

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Coupling of a sediment diagenesis model (MEDUSA) and an Earth system model (CESM1.2): a contribution toward enhanced marine biogeochemical modelling and long-term climate simulations

10.5194/gmd-2019-231 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Takasumi Kurahashi-Nakamura ◽

André Paul ◽

Guy Munhoven ◽

Ute Merkel ◽

Michael Schulz

Keyword(s):

Climate Models ◽

Climate Model ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Future Application ◽

Coupling Scheme ◽

Earth System ◽

Climate Simulations

Abstract. We developed a coupling scheme for the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (CESM1.2) and the Model of Early Diagenesis in the Upper Sediment of Adjustable complexity (MEDUSA), and explored the effects of the coupling on solid components in the upper sediment and on bottom seawater chemistry by comparing the coupled model's behaviour with that of the uncoupled CESM having a simplified treatment of sediment processes. CESM is a fully-coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice-land model and its ocean component (the Parallel Ocean Program version 2, POP2) includes a biogeochemical component (BEC). MEDUSA was coupled to POP2 in an off-line manner so that each of the models ran separately and sequentially with regular exchanges of necessary boundary condition fields. This development was done with the ambitious aim of a future application for long-term (spanning a full glacial cycle; i.e., ~ 105 years) climate simulations with a state-of-the-art comprehensive climate model including the carbon cycle, and was motivated by the fact that until now such simulations have been done only with less-complex climate models. We found that the sediment-model coupling already had non-negligible immediate advantages for ocean biogeochemistry in millennial-time-scale simulations. First, the MEDUSA-coupled CESM outperformed the uncoupled CESM in reproducing an observation-based global distribution of sediment properties, especially for organic carbon and opal. Thus, the coupled model is expected to act as a better bridge between climate dynamics and sedimentary data, which will provide another measure of model performance. Second, in our experiments, the MEDUSA-coupled model and the uncoupled model had a difference of 0.2‰ or larger in terms of δ13C of bottom water over large areas, which implied potential significant model biases for bottom seawater chemical composition due to a different way of sediment treatment. Such a model bias would be a fundamental issue for paleo model–data comparison often relying on data derived from benthic foraminifera.

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FOCI-MOPS v1 – Integration of Marine Biogeochemistry within the Flexible Ocean and Climate Infrastructure version 1 (FOCI 1) Earth system model

10.5194/gmd-2021-361 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Chia-Te Chien ◽

Jonathan V. Durgadoo ◽

Dana Ehlert ◽

Ivy Frenger ◽

David P. Keller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Model ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Surface Air Temperature ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Biogeochemical Model ◽

Historical Period ◽

Earth System ◽

Marine Biogeochemistry ◽

Ocean Carbon

Abstract. The consideration of marine biogeochemistry is essential for simulating the carbon cycle in an Earth system model. Here we present the implementation and evaluation of a marine biogeochemical model, Model of Oceanic Pelagic Stoichiometry (MOPS) in the Flexible Ocean and Climate Infrastructure (FOCI) climate model. FOCI-MOPS enables the simulation of marine biological processes, the marine carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycles, air-sea gas exchange of CO2 and O2, and simulations with prescribed atmospheric CO2 or CO2 emissions. A series of experiments covering the historical period (1850–2014) were performed following the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6) protocols. Overall, modelled biogeochemical tracer distributions and fluxes, as well as transient evolution in surface air temperature, air-sea CO2 fluxes, and changes of ocean carbon and heat, are in good agreement with observations. Modelled inorganic and organic tracer distributions are quantitatively evaluated by statistically-derived metrics. Results of the FOCI-MOPS model, also including sea surface temperature, surface pH, oxygen (100–600 m), nitrate (0–100 m), and primary production, are within the range of other CMIP6 model results. Overall, the evaluation of FOCI-MOPS indicates its suitability for Earth climate system simulations.

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Simulations of the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period using the NASA/GISS ModelE2-R Earth System Model

Geoscientific Model Development Discussions ◽

10.5194/gmdd-5-2811-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 2811-2842 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. A. Chandler ◽

L. E. Sohl ◽

J. A. Jonas ◽

H. J. Dowsett

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Climate Models ◽

Climate Model ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Warm Period ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Future Global Warming

Abstract. Climate reconstructions of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP) bear many similarities to aspects of future global warming as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In particular, marine and terrestrial paleoclimate data point to high latitude temperature amplification, with associated decreases in sea ice and land ice and altered vegetation distributions that show expansion of warmer climate biomes into higher latitudes. NASA GISS climate models have been used to study the Pliocene climate since the USGS PRISM project first identified that the mid-Pliocene North Atlantic sea surface temperatures were anomalously warm. Here we present the most recent simulations of the Pliocene using the AR5/CMIP5 version of the GISS Earth System Model known as ModelE2-R. These simulations constitute the NASA contribution to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) Experiment 2. Many findings presented here corroborate results from other PlioMIP multi-model ensemble papers, but we also emphasize features in the ModelE2-R simulations that are unlike the ensemble means. We provide discussion of features that show considerable improvement compared with simulations from previous versions of the NASA GISS models, improvement defined here as simulation results that more closely resemble the ocean core data as well as the PRISM3D reconstructions of the mid-Pliocene climate. In some regions even qualitative agreement between model results and paleodata are an improvement over past studies, but the dramatic warming in the North Atlantic and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea in these new simulations is by far the most accurate portrayal ever of this key geographic region by the GISS climate model. Our belief is that continued development of key physical routines in the atmospheric model, along with higher resolution and recent corrections to mixing parameterizations in the ocean model, have led to an Earth System Model that will produce more accurate projections of future climate.

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The EC-Earth3 Earth System Model for the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6

10.5194/gmd-2020-446 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ralf Döscher ◽

Mario Acosta ◽

Andrea Alessandri ◽

Peter Anthoni ◽

Almut Arneth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Climate Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Historical Period ◽

Earth System ◽

Dynamic Features ◽

The Earth ◽

Intercomparison Project

Abstract. The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different HPC systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behaviour and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.

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Description and evaluation of NorESM1-F: A fast version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM)

10.5194/gmd-2018-217 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chuncheng Guo ◽

Mats Bentsen ◽

Ingo Bethke ◽

Mehmet Ilicak ◽

Jerry Tjiputra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Cycle ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Large Scale ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Coupled System ◽

Internal Variability ◽

Earth System Model ◽

Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System

Abstract. A new computationally efficient version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) is presented. This new version (here termed NorESM1-F) runs about 2.5 times faster (e.g. 90 model years per day on current hardware) than the version that contributed to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison project (CMIP5), i.e., NorESM1-M, and is therefore particularly suitable for multi-millennial paleoclimate and carbon cycle simulations or large ensemble simulations. The speedup is primarily a result of using a prescribed atmosphere aerosol chemistry and a tripolar ocean-sea ice horizontal grid configuration that allows an increase of the ocean-sea ice component time steps. Ocean biogeochemistry can be activated for fully coupled and semi-coupled carbon cycle applications. This paper describes the model and evaluates its performance using observations and NorESM1-M as benchmarks. The evaluation emphasises model stability, important large-scale features in the ocean and sea ice components, internal variability in the coupled system, and climate sensitivity. Simulation results from NorESM1-F in general agree well with observational estimates, and show evident improvements over NorESM1-M, for example, in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation and sea ice simulation, both important metrics in simulating past and future climates. Whereas NorESM1-M showed a slight global cool bias in the upper oceans, NorESM1-F exhibits a global warm bias. In general, however, NorESM1-F has more similarities than dissimilarities compared to NorESM1-M, and some biases and deficiencies known in NorESM1-M remain.

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Recent developments on the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3476 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bouwe Andela ◽

Fakhereh Alidoost ◽

Lukas Brunner ◽

Jaro Camphuijsen ◽

Bas Crezee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Model Evaluation ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Climate Model ◽

Earth System Model ◽

System Model ◽

Earth System ◽

Evaluation Tool ◽

Scientific Review ◽

The Earth ◽

User Friendly

The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a free and open-source community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for the evaluation of Earth system models such as those participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Version 2 of the tool (Righi et al. 2020, www.esmvaltool.org) features a brand new design composed of a core that finds and processes data according to a &#8216;recipe&#8217; and an extensive collection of ready-to-use recipes and associated diagnostic codes for reproducing results from published papers. Development and discussion of the tool (mostly) takes place in public on https://github.com/esmvalgroup and anyone with an interest in climate model evaluation is welcome to join there.&#160;Since the initial release of version 2 in the summer of 2020, many improvements have been made to the tool. It is now more user friendly with extensive documentation available on docs.esmvaltool.org and a step by step online tutorial. Regular releases, currently planned three times a year, ensure that recent contributions become available quickly while still ensuring a high level of quality control. The tool can be installed from conda, but portable docker and singularity containers are also available.&#160;Recent new features include a more user-friendly command-line interface, citation information per figure including CMIP6 data citation using ES-DOC, more and faster preprocessor functions that require less memory, automatic corrections for a larger number of CMIP6 datasets, support for more observational and reanalysis datasets, and more recipes and diagnostics.&#160;The tool is now also more reliable, with improved automated testing through more unit tests for the core, as well as a recipe testing service running at DKRZ for testing the scientific recipes and diagnostics that are bundled into the tool. The community maintaining and developing the tool is growing, making the project less dependent on individual contributors. There are now technical and scientific review teams that review new contributions for technical quality and scientific correctness and relevance respectively, two new principal investigators for generating a larger support base in the community, and a newly created user engagement team that is taking care of improving the overall user experience.

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