scholarly journals Modeling glacial lake outburst flood process chain: the case of Lake Palcacocha and Huaraz, Peru

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Somos-Valenzuela ◽  
R. E. Chisolm ◽  
D. S. Rivas ◽  
C. Portocarrero ◽  
D. C. McKinney
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Terminal Moraine ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Flood Intensity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract. One of the consequences of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, is the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) from lakes that have formed at the base of retreating glaciers. GLOFs are often triggered by avalanches falling into glacial lakes, initiating a chain of processes that may culminate in significant inundation and destruction downstream. This paper presents simulations of all of the processes involved in a potential GLOF originating from Lake Palcacocha, the source of a previously catastrophic GLOF on 13 December 1941, killing 1800 people in the city of Huaraz, Peru. The chain of processes simulated here includes: (1) avalanches above the lake, (2) lake dynamics resulting from the avalanche impact, including wave generation, propagation, and run-up across lakes, (3) terminal moraine overtopping and dynamic moraine erosion simulations to determine the possibility of breaching, (4) flood propagation along downstream valleys; and (5) inundation of populated areas. The results of each process feed into simulations of subsequent processes in the chain, finally resulting in estimates of inundation in the city of Huaraz. The results of the inundation simulations were converted into flood intensity and hazard maps (based on an intensity-likelihood matrix) that may be useful for city planning and regulation. Three avalanche events with volumes ranging from 0.5–3 × 106 m3 were simulated, and two scenarios of 15 and 30 m lake lowering were simulated to assess the potential of mitigating the hazard level in Huaraz. For all three avalanche events, three-dimensional hydrodynamic models show large waves generated in the lake from the impact resulting in overtopping of the damming-moraine. Despite very high discharge rates (up to 63.4 &times 103 m3 s−1), the erosion from the overtopping wave did not result in failure of the damming-moraine when simulated with a hydro-morphodynamic model using excessively conservative soil characteristics that provide very little erosion resistance. With the current lake level, all three avalanche events result in inundation in Huaraz due to wave overtopping, and the resulting hazard map shows a total affected area of 2.01 km2, most of which is in the high-hazard category. Lowering the lake has the potential to reduce the affected area by up to 35 % resulting in a smaller portion of the inundated area in the high-hazard category.

scholarly journals Modeling a glacial lake outburst flood process chain: the case of Lake Palcacocha and Huaraz, Peru

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2519-2543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo A. Somos-Valenzuela ◽  
Rachel E. Chisolm ◽  
Denny S. Rivas ◽  
Cesar Portocarrero ◽  
Daene C. McKinney
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Terminal Moraine ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Flood Intensity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract. One of the consequences of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, is the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) from lakes that have formed at the base of retreating glaciers. GLOFs are often triggered by avalanches falling into glacial lakes, initiating a chain of processes that may culminate in significant inundation and destruction downstream. This paper presents simulations of all of the processes involved in a potential GLOF originating from Lake Palcacocha, the source of a previously catastrophic GLOF on 13 December 1941, killing about 1800 people in the city of Huaraz, Peru. The chain of processes simulated here includes (1) avalanches above the lake; (2) lake dynamics resulting from the avalanche impact, including wave generation, propagation, and run-up across lakes; (3) terminal moraine overtopping and dynamic moraine erosion simulations to determine the possibility of breaching; (4) flood propagation along downstream valleys; and (5) inundation of populated areas. The results of each process feed into simulations of subsequent processes in the chain, finally resulting in estimates of inundation in the city of Huaraz. The results of the inundation simulations were converted into flood intensity and preliminary hazard maps (based on an intensity-likelihood matrix) that may be useful for city planning and regulation. Three avalanche events with volumes ranging from 0.5 to 3  ×  106 m3 were simulated, and two scenarios of 15 and 30 m lake lowering were simulated to assess the potential of mitigating the hazard level in Huaraz. For all three avalanche events, three-dimensional hydrodynamic models show large waves generated in the lake from the impact resulting in overtopping of the damming moraine. Despite very high discharge rates (up to 63.4  ×  103 m3 s−1), the erosion from the overtopping wave did not result in failure of the damming moraine when simulated with a hydro-morphodynamic model using excessively conservative soil characteristics that provide very little erosion resistance. With the current lake level, all three avalanche events result in inundation in Huaraz due to wave overtopping, and the resulting preliminary hazard map shows a total affected area of 2.01 km2, most of which is in the high hazard category. Lowering the lake has the potential to reduce the affected area by up to 35 %, resulting in a smaller portion of the inundated area in the high hazard category.

Imagining Jerusalem in the Medieval West

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
University Education ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Jerusalem was the object of intense study and devotion throughout the Middle Ages. This book illuminates ways in which the city was represented by Christians in Western Europe, from the 600s the 1500s. Focusing on maps in illuminated manuscripts and early printed books, it also considers views and architectural replicas, and treats depictions of the Temple and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre alongside those of Jerusalem as a whole. The chapters draw on new research and a range of disciplinary perspectives to show how such depictions responded to developments in the West, as well as to the shifting political circumstances of Jerusalem and its wider region. One central theme is the relationship between text, image and manuscript context, including discussion of images as scriptural exegesis and the place of schematic diagrams and plans in the presentation of knowledge. Another is the impact of trends in learning, such as the reception of Jewish scholarship, the move from monastic to university education, and the creation of yet wider audiences through mendicant preaching and the development of printing. The book also examines the role of changing liturgical and devotional practices, including imagined pilgrimage and the mapping of Jerusalem onto European cities and local landscapes. Finally, it seeks to elucidate how two- and three-dimensional representations of the city both resulted from and prompted processes of mental visualization. In this way, the book is conceived as a contribution to manuscript studies, the history of cartography, visual studies and the history of ideas.

scholarly journals Sustainable Beirut City Planning Post August 2020 Port of Beirut Blast: Case Study of Karantina in Medawar District

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6442
Author(s):  
David Aouad ◽  
Noushig Kaloustian
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The 4 August 2020 Port of Beirut blast caused material damage to an estimated 77,000 apartments located across 10,000 buildings within a 3 km radius of the blast, impacting around 300,000, people predominantly in the municipality of Karantina, which is situated adjacent to the Port of Beirut. The blast shed light on the instability and unsustainable development approach of the city of Beirut since well before the French mandate circa 1921–1940. The impact of the blast provides an opportunity to reassess the relationship between many relevant aspects of the city planning including but not limited to: the relationship of the city to its suburbs, waterfront, and city center; the lack of local planning and cross sectorial master plans; the preservation of the heritage versus the complexity of its urban development; the city growth and increased haphazard urbanization; the infrastructure/service systems that have over the years become increasingly deficient; the lack of public spaces; impacts on urban climate; and the urban divide and inequality that have only grown deeper since the blast, all of which have a combined and adverse impact on the quality of city life. This paper analyzes the most suitable indicators that one must highlight within the context of Beirut city to propose a better and sustainable quality of life with a focus on areas that were significantly impacted by the recent POB blast, namely Karantina. Examples of indicators which were analyzed include sustainable urban design, open spaces, heritage, infrastructure, and urban fabric. The results indicated that the following four main urban design features help improve the quality of life in Karantina, including: (i) connecting areas of Karantina and Mar Mkhael through the reactivation of vacant lots; (ii) reactivation of Ibrahim Bacha and El-Khodr Streets; (iii) redefining the historical El Khodr Mosque boundary and reclaiming its role as an urban landmark; and (iv) integration of classified built heritage. These parameters are necessary to improve the quality of life. The benefits of community participation are also assessed in the improvement and sustainable planning of the city of Beirut.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Tree Pattern in Street Canyons on Thermal Conditions and Human Comfort. Assessment of an Urban Renewal Project in Historical District in Lodz (Poland)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Anna Dominika Bochenek ◽  
Katarzyna Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Street Canyons ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Planning Department ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
East West

The implementation of adaptation strategies has become an essential activity of spatial planning departments. Passive technologies related to the introduction of natural components in the form of vegetation are used, especially in urban development plans, to mitigate the effects of climate change and thus improve the quality of citizen life. Nature-Based Solutions are of particular importance in the areas of strict city centers, where historical building structures are subject to legal protection. In this study, the authors tested the influence of high greenery on the microclimatic conditions in the areas of typical street canyons (east–west and north–south orientations). Authors included the established greenery strategy by the City Planning Department. To estimate the impact of the assumed scenarios, a CFD tool was used—the ENVI-met application, which is commonly used in the field of urban microclimatology. Studies have shown that the introduction of 10% of green area contributed to a maximum air temperature reduction of 0.80 °C (17:00) in an east–west-oriented canyon, 0.49 °C (10:00) in a north–south canyon. The scenarios, assumed by the City Planning Department, related to the introduction of a greater amount of greenery turned out to be a less effective solution. The impact of greenery on the thermal comfort felt by humans was also determined. The reduction in the PET index was a maximum of 10.80 °C (14:00) in an east–west canyon; 6.66 °C (14:00) in a canyon area with a north–south orientation. This research might constitute the foundations to a re-evaluation of the urban development plans. The outcomes can lead to taking alternative direction of city layout transformations.

scholarly journals Dampak negatif belum terlaksananya pelimpahan aset oleh daerah induk kepada daerah otonom baru

FLOBAMORA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Sirilus Novertus Lelan
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
City Development ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract This research was conducted to find out the impact caused by not yet being fully transferred assets, especially immovable assets, land and buildings to the new autonomous region namely the City of Kupang. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, which focuses on the study of documents, interviews and observations. The findings from the documents, interviews and observations made, inform that based on the legislation, assets in the area of expansion should be submitted. In fact these immovable assets are still owned and have not been fully transferred to the new autonomous region. The impact of this is that Kupang City development planning is constrained by a number of assets that are still owned by the parent area, chaotic city planning, population administration for residents in border areas that are still gray. Keywords: Regional Autonomy, Delegation and Asset

scholarly journals Hazard Level of Slum Areas in Palembang City

2021 ◽  
Vol 884 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
Sukmaniar ◽  
Andri Kurniawan ◽  
Agus Joko Pitoyo
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
City Center ◽  
Job Vacancy ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City ◽  
Hazard Distribution ◽  
Slum Areas

Abstract The study aimed to identify the hazard level distribution in the slum areas in Palembang City. The research was a quantitative type with 382 families that live in the slums as the samples. The data were collected using proportional area random sampling and analyzed using the K-means Cluster test through SPSS 23. Spatial analysis through Arcgis was conducted to complete the understanding of the hazard distribution in the slum areas. The results showed that the hazard clusters formed by 64 areas could be categorized into three: low, medium, high. High level of hazards, reaching the one-third portion of the areas, dominated the slums in Palembang City. The cluster with a high hazard level was mostly in the city center, which was geographically located on the riverbanks, causing the areas to be vulnerable to flood, diseases, and crimes. The city center was known to offer high numbers of the job vacancy. People in the slums working in the city center were day laborers.

scholarly journals A Study of the Hazard Level and Vulnerability of the Society Against Debris Flow of Merapi in the Putih River Watershed, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 933 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
J Ikhsan ◽  
R Faizah ◽  
A Hairani ◽  
P T Sutawiguna
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
A Value ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Secondary Hazards ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mount Merapi is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia with a relatively fast period of around 2-7 years. The impact of hazards arising from a fire eruption, such as primary hazards, namely hazards that occur directly, secondary hazards, namely hazards that occur indirectly or take place after an eruption, tertiary hazards, namely environmental damage around the volcano. This study aims to determine the value of the hazard level and vulnerability to debris flow in the Putih River watershed. The research method used in this study is to use the scoring and weighting method. The results obtained from the scoring and weighting methods, Srumbung and Mranggen villages have a debris flow hazard with a total value of 2.6 which falls into the high hazard level category. The results show that Srumbung Village obtained a total value of 7.92 which is included in the medium level of vulnerability category. Parameters that have a big influence on the level of community vulnerability to debris flows in the two villages are social aspects with a value of 3 and economic aspects with a value of 2.4.

scholarly journals El Tranvía eléctrico de Medellín (Colombia) y su aporte al proceso de modernización urbana: 1920-1951

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 129-156
Author(s):  
José Wilson Marquez Estrada
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Mass Transportation ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
The Road ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Road System

Este artículo analiza la experiencia del primer sistema de transporte masivo que tuvo la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia), el tranvía eléctrico, del proceso de surgimiento, construcción y consolidación de este medio de transporte. Se examina su funcionamiento como proyecto empresarial oficial y las diferentes circunstancias que lo llevaron a ser el eje del sistema vial y las crisis que finalmente producen su declive y su cierre. Igualmente, se describe y analiza el impacto que tuvo esta obra en el proceso de modernización urbana que vivió la ciudad entre 1920-1951.Palabras Clave: modernización, transporte,  tranvía, ciudad, empresa, urbanismo. Electric Local Train in Medellin, Colombia and Its Contribution to Urban Modernization Process: 1920-1951AbstractThis article analyses the experience of the first mass transportation system in the city of Medellin, Colombia: the electric local train. It analyses the emergence, the construction and the consolidation process of this mean of transport. Its operation as an official business project is studied as well as the different circumstances that led it to be the axe of the road system, and the crises that finally caused its decline and closure.  Also, the impact of this work on the process of urban modernization lived by the city from 1920 to 1951 is here described and analyzed.Keywords: modernization, transport, local train, city, company, city planning.

scholarly journals Impact of Urban Growth and Changes in Land Use on River Flood Hazard in Villahermosa, Tabasco (Mexico)

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Areu-Rangel ◽  
Luis Cea ◽  
Rosanna Bonasia ◽  
Victor Espinosa-Echavarria
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Water Model ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Main River ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The city of Villahermosa, a logistical center in the State of Tabasco’s economy, is affected by recurrent river floods. In this study, we analyzed the impact of two factors that are the most probable causes of this increase in flood hazard: changes in land use in the hydrological catchments upstream of the city, and the uncontrolled urbanization of the floodplains adjacent to the main river channels. Flood discharges for different return periods were evaluated, considering land uses of the catchments, both as they were in 1992 and as they are today. These flood discharges were then used in a 2D shallow water model to estimate the increase of water depths in the city from 1992 to the present day. To evaluate the influence of urban expansion on inundation levels, three future urbanization scenarios were proposed on the basis of the urban growth rate forecast for 2050. Results confirm that the change in land use in the hydrological catchments is the main factor that explains the increase in inundation events observed over recent years. This study also provides useful insights for future city planning that might help to minimize the flood impact on Villahermosa.

The impact of a mega-event on city branding: The European Capital of Culture 2010 and the image of Istanbul

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evinç Doğan ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Place Branding ◽  
World City ◽  
City Branding ◽  
City Image ◽  
European Capital Of Culture ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Symbolic Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This study examines the ways in which the city image of Istanbul is re-created through the mega-events within the context of the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) 2010. Istanbul “took the stage” as one of the three ECoC cities (Essen for the Ruhr in Germany and Pécs in Hungary), where the urban spaces were projected as the theatre décor while residents and visitors became the spectators of the events. Organisers and agents of the ECoC 2010 seemed to rebrand Istanbul as a “world city” rather than a “European capital”. With a series of transnational connotations, this can be considered as part of an attempt to turn Istanbul to a global city. In this study we examine posters used during the ECoC 2010 to see whether this was evident in the promoted images of Istanbul. The research employs a hermeneutic approach in which representations, signs and language are the means of symbolic meaning, which is analysed through qualitative methods for the visual data (Visual Analysis Methods), namely Semiotics and Discourse Analysis. The analysed research material comes from a sample of posters released during the ECoC 2010 to promote 549 events throughout the year. Using stratified random sampling we have drawn 28 posters (5% of the total) reflecting the thematic groups of events in the ECoC 2010. Particular attention is also paid to the reflexivity of the researchers and researchers’ embeddedness to the object of research. The symbolic production and visual representation are therefore investigated firstly through the authoritative and historically constituted discourses in the making of Istanbul image and secondly through the orders of cultural consumption and mediatisation of culture through spectacular events. Hence enforcing a transnationalisation of the image of the city where the image appears to be almost stateless transcending the national boundaries. Findings and methodology used in this study can be useful in understanding similar cases and further research into the processes of city and place branding and image relationships. 

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