scholarly journals Measuring forest floor interception in a beech forest in Luxembourg

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 2323-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. J. Gerrits ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije ◽  
L. Hoffmann ◽  
L. Pfister
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Significant Process ◽  
Special Measuring ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Litter Interception

Abstract. In hydrological models evaporation from interception is often disregarded, combined with transpiration, or taken as a fixed percentage of rainfall. In general interception is not considered to be a significant process in rainfall-runoff modelling. However, it appears that on average interception can amount to 20–50% of the precipitation. Therefore, knowledge about the process of interception is important. Traditional research on interception mainly focuses on canopy interception and almost completely denies forest floor interception, although this is an important mechanism that precedes infiltration or runoff. Forest floor interception consists partly of interception by dry soil, partly of interception by short vegetation (mosses, grasses and creeping vegetation) and partly of interception by litter. This research concentrates on litter interception: to measure its quantities at point scale and subsequently to upscale it to the scale of a hydrotope. A special measuring device has been developed, which consists of a permeable upper basin filled with forest floor and a watertight lower basin. Both are weighed continuously. The device has been tested in the Huewelerbach catchment (Luxembourg). The preliminary measuring results show that the device is working properly. For November 2004, evaporation from interception is calculated to be 34% of the throughfall in the Huewelerbach catchment.

scholarly journals New technique to measure forest floor interception – an application in a beech forest in Luxembourg

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. J. Gerrits ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije ◽  
L. Hoffmann ◽  
L. Pfister
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Significant Process ◽  
Special Measuring ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Litter Interception

Abstract. In hydrological models, evaporation from interception is often disregarded, combined with transpiration, or taken as a fixed percentage of rainfall. In general interception is not considered to be a significant process in rainfall-runoff modelling. However, it appears that on average interception can amount to 20–50% of the precipitation. Therefore, knowledge about the process of interception is important. Traditional research on interception mainly focuses on canopy interception and almost completely denies forest floor interception, although this is an important mechanism that precedes infiltration or runoff. Forest floor interception consists partly of interception by dry soil, partly of interception by short vegetation (mosses, grasses and creeping vegetation) and partly of interception by litter. This research project concentrates on litter interception: to measure its quantities at point scale and subsequently to upscale it to that of a hydrotope. A special measuring device has been developed, which consists of a permeable upper basin filled with forest floor, and a watertight lower basin. Both are weighed continuously. The device has been tested in the Huewelerbach catchment (Luxembourg). The preliminary measuring results show that the device is working properly. For November 2004, evaporation from interception was calculated to be 14 mm of 42 mm throughfall (i.e., 34%).

Measurement of the Kinetics of Thermal Effects during Phase Transformations in ADI

2006 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz ◽  
Edward Fraś ◽  
Janusz Lelito ◽  
Andriy A. Burbelko
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Generation Rate ◽  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
Heat Generation Rate ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Special Measuring ◽  
Kinetics Of

The heat generation rate during austempering of ADI (Austempered Ductile Iron) for process temperatures of 250, 265, 280 and 293°C has been presented. A special measuring device was constructed. Thermal effects were quantified by analysis of the experimental temperature curves during the austempering process.

scholarly journals Laboratory Test of the Soil Compaction

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Vlastimil Malý ◽  
František Tóth ◽  
Jan Mareček ◽  
Eva Krčálová
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Special Measuring ◽  
Measuring Network ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Properties Of Soil

This paper presents the mechanical properties of soil. In order to determine the properties of soil under laboratory conditions, we made use of a special measuring device, viz. a bevameter. Two types of soil with different levels of moisture were examined and their mechanical properties determined. Measurements were taken of non pressed and compressed soil. A measuring network was set up, consisting of measuring and recording devices. In the course of measuring, the force and penetration depth of the pressing plate were recorded simultaneously. Four different diameters of pressing plate were used, resp. 25, 38, 50 and 70 mm. The pressure on the contact area was calculated after completion of the measurements, and the relationships between pressure and penetration depth were presented graphically.

scholarly journals Litter Movement Mechanism on the Beech Forest Floor with a Different Forest Floor Cover Percentage Grazed by Deer

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
Kimiko IINO ◽  
Yoshiharu ISHIKAWA ◽  
Katsushige SHIRAKI ◽  
Taeko WAKAHARA ◽  
Yoshimi UCHIYAMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Movement Mechanism ◽  
Floor Cover

scholarly journals The effects of clear-felling established forestry on stream-flow losses from the Hore sub-catchment

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Roberts ◽  
S. B. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Stream Flow ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Flow Losses ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Seasonal Basis

Abstract. The effects on streamflow of clear-felling a substantial part of the established forestry within the Hore sub-catchment at Plynlimon were estimated by a regression comparison of pre-and post-felling rainfall/runoff relationships and by a model based on evapotranspiration estimates from plot studies of established forestry and heather moorland. Increases in streamflow were predicted using both methods, with those using the regression method being substantially larger than those using the model. The largest increases using the regression method occurred about 5 years after the end of felling, and amounted to 10.5% of the measured annual flow. On a seasonal basis, the largest increases using the regression method occurred during the latter half of the year, whilst the model predicted the largest increases during the summer months. These patterns are explained in terms of forest transpiration and canopy interception.

An enhanced rainfall–runoff model with coupled canopy interception

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1837-1853
Author(s):  
Wanghai Tao ◽  
Quanjiu Wang ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
Henry Lin ◽  
Xiaopeng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

scholarly journals Factors of spatial distribution of forest floor properties in the Jizerské Mountains

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Borůvka ◽  
L. Mládková ◽  
O. Drábek ◽  
R. Vašát
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Structural Correlation ◽  
N Loading ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
Humus Quality

The aim of this contribution was to describe spatial distribution of soil characteristics of forest floor in the Jizersk&eacute;Mountainsregion and to assess the effect of stand factors by means of geostatistics, using structural correlation coefficients. Most soil properties showed a low spatial dependence with variogram range of 6000 m. Kriged maps of spatial distribution of soil properties were created. Most characteristics were influenced by altitude. A general decrease of pH and Ca and Mg content and an increase of potentially toxic Al forms (Al<sub>KCl</sub>) due to high S and N loading were demonstrated. An effect of liming on the decrease of Al<sub>KCl</sub> content, and higher pH and Mg content and lower Al<sub>KCl</sub> under beech forest were shown. Lower acidity and a better humus quality were found at higher altitudes under grass coverin spite of high S and N content. The ratios S/Ca and S/(Ca + Mg) can serve as an indicator of soil acidification level.

scholarly journals Modelling canopy and litter interception in commercial forest plantations in South Africa using the Variable Storage Gash model and idealised drying curves

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 4693-4705 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Bulcock ◽  
G. P. W. Jewitt
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Forested Catchments ◽  
Litter Interception ◽  
Drying Curve

Abstract. There remains a gap in the knowledge of both canopy and litter interception processes in forest hydrology and limitations in the models used to represent them. In South Africa, interception is typically considered to constitute only a small portion of the total evaporation and in some models is disregarded. Interception is a threshold process, as a certain amount of water is required before successive processes can take place. Therefore an error or false assumption introduced in modelling interception will automatically introduce errors in the calibration of subsequent models/processes. Field experiments to assess these processes, viz. canopy and litter interception were established for the three main commercial forestry genera in South Africa, namely Pinus, Acacia and Eucalyptus, which are described in a companion paper. Drawing on both field and laboratory data, the "Variable Storage Gash" model for canopy interception and an idealised drying curve litter interception model were developed to represent these processes for South African conditions. The Variable Storage Gash model was compared with the original Gash model and it was found that it performed better than the original model in forests with high storage capacities yet was similar to the original model in stands with a low storage capacity. Thus, the models developed here were shown to adequately represent the interception processes and provide a way forward for more representative water resources planning modelling. It was found that canopy and litter interception can account for as much as 26.6% and 13.4% of gross precipitation, respectively, and are therefore important hydrological processes to consider in forested catchments in South Africa. Despite the limitation of both the Variable Storage Gash model and the idealised drying curve litter interception model being reliant on empirical relationships, their application highlights the importance of considering canopy and litter interception in water resources management and planning.

Analyzing of Impact, Vibration Response and Stability of Artificial Upper Limb

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashar A. Bedaiwi
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
External Disturbance ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Vibration Response ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Prosthetic Limbs ◽  
Special Measuring ◽  
Impact Vibration ◽  
Experimental Rig

Investigation of impact and stability effects on an artificial upper limb due to external disturbance is made and the findings analyzed. For this purpose an experimental rig was suggested and constructed. The experimental rig consists of a special impact hammer to simulate the disturbance occurred and a special measuring device (accelometer, power amplifier and two Chanel vibration analyzer). The vibration response of human was measured at different points along the hand by using specified selected points. A suitable finite element model using ANSYS14 was suggested and the results are compared with those obtained from experimental work. This study aims to investigate the effects of vibration and impact on upper prosthetic limbs and is also aimed at mitigating vibration to the human body for greater comfort of the amputee.

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