scholarly journals Eduard Heis, an early pioneer in meteor research

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Ulrich Sperberg
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Main Task ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena

Abstract. At the beginning of the 19th century, meteor observations were not well established. One of its pioneers, who observed meteors on a regular basis, was Eduard Heis in Münster, Germany. We summarise the life of this scientist. Besides his main task of teaching mathematics in Aachen and Münster, he observed atmospheric phenomena and variable stars with exceptional perseverance. He was an editor of Wochenschrift für Astronomie and contributed to the circulation of astronomical reports and knowledge. We focus on his contributions to meteor astronomy, in which he predated the work of Schiaparelli by 30 years.

scholarly journals GENRE SPECIFICITY OF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ABOUT RUSSIAN MOVEMENTS BY E. POSELYANIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Евгения Константиновна Макаренко
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Church History ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Biographical Sketches ◽  
The 19Th Century

Введение. Известный в дореволюционной России публицист и духовный писатель Евгений Поселянин (настоящая фамилия Погожев), пройдя путь сомнений в вере и получив духовное возрождение в Оптиной Пустыни, стал участником развернувшейся между интеллигенцией и представителями Русской Православной Церкви дискуссии начала XX в. Церковность эстетического сознания Е. Поселянина определила основную задачу всего его творчества, заключавшуюся в воспроизведении и передаче духовного мира Русского Православия. Цель. Творчество известного духовного писателя и публициста конца XIX – начала XX в. Евгения Николаевича Поселянина, совершенно забытое на несколько десятилетий советской эпохи, требует реабилитации и серьезного научного исследования. Материал и методы. Исследуется сборник жизнеописаний Е. Поселянина «Русские подвижники 19-го века» (1900 г.). Работа написана в русле исторической поэтики. Результаты и обсуждение. В литературной деятельности Поселянина отразились важнейшие духовно-культурные искания его современников и художественно-эстетические тенденции конца XIX – начала XX в. Религиозное возрождение начала XX в. привело к сдвигу границ внутри русской культуры, при котором произошло сближение и взаимовлияние богословия, философии, науки с художественной литературой, что отразилось на трансформации традиционных художественно-эстетических форм. В творчестве Е. Поселянина можно проследить, как церковные темы и православное содержание облекаются в характерные для светской литературы и отходящие от строгих жанровых канонов литературные формы, которые становятся более пластичными жанровыми образованиями, открытыми для выражения и передачи современным человеком опыта духовной жизни. Заключение. Книга Е. Поселянина «Русские подвижники 19-го века» представляет собой документ русской духовной жизни XVIII–XIX столетий. В этом сборнике биографических очерков традиционализм жизнеописания святого размывается жанровыми новациями: включением структурных элементов из других художественных и публицистических церковных жанров (патерики, проповеди, церковная история) и популярной в светской литературе беллетризованной мемуарно-биографической прозы. Introduction. Evgeny Poselyanin, a well-known publicist and spiritual writer in pre-revolutionary Russia, having traveled the path of doubts in faith and received a spiritual revival in Optina Pustyn, became a participant in the discussion between the intelligentsia and representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 20th century. The ecclesiastical nature of E. Poselyanin’s aesthetic consciousness determined the main task of all his work, which was to reproduce and transmit the spiritual world of Russian Orthodoxy. Aim and objectives. The work of the famous spiritual writer and publicist of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Evgeny Nikolaevich Poselyanin, completely forgotten for several decades of the Soviet era, requires «rehabilitation» and serious scientific research. Material and methods. The article examines the collection of biographies of E. Poselyanin «Russian ascetics of the 19th century» (1900 edition). The research is written in the mainstream of historical poetics. Results and discussion. Poselyanin’s literary activity reflected the most important spiritual and cultural searches of his contemporaries and artistic and aesthetic tendencies of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Religious revival of the early 20th century led to a shift in boundaries within Russian culture, during which there was a convergence and mutual influence of theology, philosophy, science with fiction, which was reflected in the transformation of traditional artistic and aesthetic forms. In the work of E. Poselyanin, one can trace how church themes and Orthodox content are clothed in literary forms characteristic of secular literature and departing from strict genre canons, which are becoming more plastic genre formations open for the expression and transmission of the experience of spiritual life by modern man. Conclusion. The book by E. Poselyanin «Russian ascetics of the 19th century» is a document of Russian spiritual life in the 18th – 19th centuries. In this collection of biographical sketches, the traditionalism of the life of the saint is eroded by genre innovations: the inclusion of structural elements from other artistic and journalistic church genres (paterics, sermons, church history) and fictionalized, memoir and biographical prose popular in secular literature.

Scientific novelties implemented into teaching mathematics in secondary schools on the Polish territories in the 19th century. The case of descriptive geometry

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Karolina Karpińska
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Descriptive Geometry ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Education History ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is dedicated to discussing the implementation of the descriptive geometry, i.e. the scientific novelty from the end of the 18th century, in secondary school education on the Polish territories in the 19th century. At that time, Polish lands were under the occupation of three empires: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Over the time, the policy of the partition empires toward the Poles was changing in intensity. As a consequence, in the 19th century, there were schools on the Polish territories with Polish, Prussian, Austrian and Russian curricula and relevant lecture languages. The article analyses the implementation of descriptive geometry into teaching mathematics in schools located in all three partitions. Keywords: descriptive geometry, history of mathematics education, history of mathematics

scholarly journals THE WRITINGS OF URAL ORIGIN ON NAPOLEON THE ANTICHRIST OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Irina V. Pochinskaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Literature ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Napoleon I ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of two Old Believers eschatological writings created in the Urals in 1820–1840s, which are now kept in the largest collections of the Ural Cyrillic old printed books and manuscripts: the Laboratory of Archaeographical Studies (LAS) of the Ural Federal University and the library of the Ekaterinburg Orthodox seminary. One of these essays is “Tolkivanie o Antichriste” (“The exegesis on the Antichrist”), which substantiates the idea that Napoleon I is the Antichrist. It has already been introduced into scientific circulation in the 19th century, but its copies from the LAS fund allowed revealing a new data about the history of its existence. The article clarifies the date of the essay, determines its impact on later Old Believers literature. The second essay, “Tsvetnik” (“Flower Garden”), continues the theme of the first one, relying on it. “Tsvetnik” is a rather complicated and multifaceted work, containing a lot of reasoning. It covers a lot of questions, problems and assessments of domestic and foreign events contemporary to the author. The main task of the essay was to substantiate the fact that Louis Napoleon, the future French emperor Napoleon III, was the new hypostasis of Napoleon I, the antichrist. The article analyses in detail main ideas of the Tsvetnik’s author, the source base of his work, which included not only traditional Christian literature, but also contemporary to the author secular publications.

scholarly journals João Antonio Coqueiro: sua produção e expertise docente

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Waléria de Jesus Barbosa Soares
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Of Mathematics ◽  
The 19Th Century

Apresentamos o professor maranhense João Antonio Coqueiro como um expert no ensino de matemática no final do século XIX e início do século XX, na província/estado do Maranhão. Pautados teoricamente em Hofstteter et al. (2017), Morais (2017) e Valente (2016), buscamos responder ao questionamento: como João Antonio Coqueiro sistematizou saberes matemáticos objetivados na formação de professores de matemática e no ensino de matemática no Maranhão? Constatamos que João Antonio Coqueiro participou, de modo decisivo, da produção de saberes no ensino de matemática e da formação de professores que ensinavam matemática, em vários níveis de ensino no Maranhão, configurando, assim, a sua expertise.João Antonio Coqueiro: his production and teaching expertiseWe present the Maranhão teacher João Antonio Coqueiro as an expert in the teaching of mathematics at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, in the province/state of Maranhão. Theoretically guided by Hofstteter et al. (2017), Morais (2017) and Valente (2016), we sought to answer the question: how did João Antonio Coqueiro systematized mathematical knowledge aimed at training mathematics teachers and teaching mathematics in Maranhão? We found that João Antonio Coqueiro participated, in a decisive way, in the production of knowledge in the teaching of mathematics and in the training of teachers who taught mathematics at various levels of education in Maranhão, thus shaping his expertise.Keywords: Mathematics; Expertise; Maranhão.

scholarly journals An Industrial Enterprise in an Agrarian Region: The Influence on the Population Dispersal and Migration System (a Case of Pudem Iron Works, the 18th-19th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Igor Vital'evich Zhurbin ◽  
Nikolay Viktorovich Pislegin ◽  
Vladimir Sergeevich Churakov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Migration System ◽  
Main River ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Internal Migrations ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

A feature of the Ural mining districts which developed in the second half of the 18th-19th centuries was that new industrial production was locally "introduced" into the existing agricultural settling system. To build a plant a new undeveloped plot was taken. The main criteria were the excess to natural resources necessary for manufacturing and transport routes. According to this principle many iron works and copper works were built in Udmurtiya. Pudem Iron Works were a case too. The main task was to evaluate the impact of the emerging innovations in economic activity on regional development. The formation of the settlement network was found in maps, written and statistical sources of the 17th-20th centuries. Historical data are used that demonstrate the initial stage of settlement, the period when Pudem Iron Works were in its prime and the years of decreasing manufacturing intensity. The use of historical maps demanded their transformation to a modern topological basis and the need to analyze the dynamics of the territory development required the construction of a geoinformation system of settlements. A comprehensive analysis provided for correlating the trends in the formation of a settlements network with migration processes. The initial formation of Udmurt agrarian settlements was influenced by external migrations. Cheptsa banks (the main river of the region) were the first to be developed. Later the banks of its tributaries were settled. After the first wave of external migrations the "oldest" settlements became the centers of internal settlement. Internal migrations occurred until the end of the 19th century. The analysis of the territory settlement dynamics has demonstrated that the creation of Pudem Iron Works (1758) practically did not affect the settling system of the region. Until the beginning of the 20th century the industrial component in the region was limited to the ironworks district and its nearest district. A characteristic feature of the 19th century is the external and internal migration of the Russian population. But at the same time the newly created settlements focused exclusively on the agricultural system of economy.

scholarly journals On the History of Old Believer in Lithuania in 19th Century: Rimkai Old Believer Church Assembly in 1856 and its Resolutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Nadežda Morozova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diplomatic Edition ◽  
State Library ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of Old Believers in Lithuania in the 19th century is insufficiently studied. Well, we know the main centers, events and names of the most important figures, the key moments in the history of the Old Believer society are identified. But there are any generalizing monographs in this field and now the main task is to accumulate empirical material and try to put them in a future common historical narrative. The Old Believer community of Rimkai is one of the oldest in the central part of present-day Lithuania. In 1856 an Old Believers’ church assembly was held in the village of Rimkai. This assembly has so far been unknown in historiography, so this is the first time information about the meeting is being introduced into scientific circulation. The resolutions of the assembly are preserved in the only manuscript, which i s now held at the Russian State Library as part of E. V. Barsov’s collection no. 1025. The resolutions consist of 33 articles discussing the Old Believers’ iconolatry as well as regulation of ritual and everyday norms of behaviour applicable to both church leaders and ordinary parishioners. The documents were signed by 13 Old Believers’ spiritual fathers and monks from Lithuania and East Prussia. This study contains a diplomatic edition of Rimkai resolutions too. The text of the document is supplemented by historical commentary and source analysis.

scholarly journals History of Karras Colony and Nearby Settlements of Europeans in 19th — First Half of 20th Centuries at Present Stage of Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 496-512
Author(s):  
V. A. Fomenko ◽  
A. T. Dzhumagulova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Task ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Current Stage

The issues of the current stage of studying the history of the Karras colony and nearby European settlements in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries are considered. A review and analysis of new sources and historiography from 2000 to 2020 has been carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the poorly studied and fragmentary coverage of the history of European settlements in the central part of the North Caucasus in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries in Russian historiography. The authors dwell on terminology issues. It is emphasized that the terms-cliches ‘mountaineers’ and ‘Tatars’ are characteristic of the historical literature of the 19th century and are inaccurately used by some authors today. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that in this work the history of the Karras colony and neighboring settlements of Europeans in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries is considered based on publications of 2000—2020. It is concluded that there is a possibility and a need for an independent review of the history of the Scottish mission, the center of which was originally located in Karras. The authors proceed from the fact that the history of the settlements of the colonists has a broader chronological framework and the main task of the colonists was not always missionary activity.

scholarly journals Problems of authentic performance of works for the Baroque epoch on the organ

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Т. О. Медведнікова ◽  
Т. Л. Фещенко
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Dietrich Buxtehude ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baroque Era ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of the article is to study the baroque principles ofplaying the organ and the advantages of authentic performance of works ofthe Baroque era in our time. The methods, which are used into therepresented work, are historical, comparative, structurally analytical,axiological as well as generalizing. Scientific novelty consists in revealingthe features and specifics of authentic performance on a modern organ andcomparing the authentic and modern interpretation of works of theBaroque era. Conclusions. The organ has a long history of its evolution.The path of its formation began in the 7th century BC. with the advent ofPan's flute. Over the centuries, the instrument that we know today has beenshaped. The peak of the evolution of the organ is the period of the Baroqueera (XVII – the first half of the XVIII century). At that time, many organmasters worked on improving the instrument, including the North German master Arp Schnitger, whose organs are directly connected with the workof Dietrich Buxtehude and his contemporaries. In the second half of the18th century, organ art lost its primacy to symphonic and chamber music.Only at the beginning of the 19th century did composers and masters againturn to the organ. The instrument acquires new qualities, in connectionwith which the performers' attitude to the interpretation of baroque worksis changing. The main task of the performer is to achieve maximum soundeffect, behind which the true meaning of Baroque works is lost. Therefore,at the same time, supporters of an authentic interpretation appear whoadvocate baroque principles of performance on authentic instruments.Authentic sounding on a modern organ is possible due to following certainrules and using only those features of a modern organ that are inherent in abaroque instrument.

scholarly journals Historic Atlases of Polish Towns – status at the end of 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Zenon Kozieł ◽  
Radosław Golba ◽  
Agnieszka Pilarska ◽  
Roman Czaja
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Type A ◽  
National Language ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Historic Atlas of Polish Towns, which makes up a part of an international project covering the towns of Europe, has been implemented in Poland since the early 1990s. This project was presented recently at the poster session during the 26th International Cartographic Conference in Germany (Dresden 2013). In consequence of subsequent files of the Atlas for twenty Polish towns being published in the past five years, their presenting within the panel session, during 29 ICC (Tokyo'2019) seems of importance. Polish towns for which the atlases were developed are: Bochnia, Chojnice, Fordon, Gliwice, Jelenia Góra, Kętrzyn, Koronowo, Milicz, Mrągowo, Namysłów, Oława, Ostróda, Sandomierz, Strzegom, Strzelin, Wieliczka, Włocławek, Wrocław, Ząbkowice Śląskie and Ziębice. Familiarizing the public with this cycle of historic atlases consitutes also a good opportunity to recall the origins of the project as its history dates back to the mid-1960s, and thus is similar to the history of the cycles of International Cartographic Conferences.</p><p> The basic principles for editing historic atlases of towns were worked out at the 1968 Oxford conference of historians and cartographers, and then, discussed again and supplemented with the principles for unified edition, at the 1995 Münster (Germany) „Atlas Publishers” conference. In 1965, the International Commission for the History of Towns gave an impulse to the historic atlases of towns, during the Vienna Congress, when it decided to place in its programme, the patronage over the edition of towns’ atlases. Given the recommendations of this Commission, historic atlases of European towns shall be published in the form of separate files for each town and so that the necessary minimum includes the following four principal maps for each town:</p><ol type="a"><li>the 19th century cadastral plan, that is from a pre-industrial period, at a scale of 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;2,500;</li><li>the 19th century map, contemporary with the cadastral plan, generally at a scale of 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;25,000;</li><li>a spatial development plan for the town from the Mediaeval to contemporary times, at a scale of 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;5,000;</li><li>a modern town plan.</li></ol><p> Regardless of this, atlases may contain (according to the capabilities of publishers) thematic maps and reproductions of the most interesting cartographic sources and panoramas. However, this assumption can be implemented only in the case the suitable cartographic sources have been preserved. For example, one of the most voluminous atlases among those listed above is the Atlas of Wrocław dated from 2017, counting 110 maps and plans. An integral part of each atlas, as a scientific study, is a concise historic commentary, describing the history of the town, with particular emphasis put on its spatial layout development. Notwithstanding the main scientific objective, individual files of the Atlas can also be useful for other needs, and in particular for:</p><ol type="a"><li>urban, architectural and conservation works, environmental protection;</li><li>schools and universities’ teaching and didactic objectives;</li><li>popularizing towns' past.</li></ol><p> In accordance with the idea of the International Commission for the History of Towns, the main task of this edition of atlases shall be founding a single source database for research on the urbanization of Europe and spatial changes of towns. Therefore, it must also have its language adapted so as to fulfill this function. It is necessary to use in comments and explanations, not only the national language, but also one of the congress languages (English, French, Spanish, German, Russian, or Italian). For the edition of Polish atlases, the German language was chosen primarily, due to the particular interest of our western neighbours, in the history of Polish towns. There happen, however, explanations in both; German and English. Initially, the project of the historic atlas of Polish towns was carried out only in Toruń by a team under the guidance of Roman Czaja (historical editing) and Zenon Kozieł (cartographic editing). In the subsequent years, work on the historic atlas of the Śląsk/Silesian towns was taken over by the Wrocław team under the guidance of Marta Młynarska-Kaletynowa (currently of Rafał Eysymontt) whereas the Kraków team, published atlases of the Małopolska/Little Poland towns under the guidance of Zdzisław Noga.</p><p> Up to now, under the patronage of the International Commission for the History of Towns, atlases for over 530 towns from eighteen European states have been published (https://www.ria.ie/research-projects/irish-historic-towns-atlas/ european-project), of which 34 (i.e. 6,5%) are those made for Polish towns.</p>

scholarly journals The Language of Crisis and the Problem of Historical Meaning. Nietzsche, Heidegger, Kolakowski

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Gabriel Popa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Historical School ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Moral Landscape ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Condition

The main task of our paper is to emphasize the relationship between the dominant historical paradigm which emerges at the end of the 19th Century and the contemporary embrace of  crisis language. We will see that the dawn of the historical school and of historicism in general brings forth the dissolution of the last remains of the Absolute figures, thus leaving us in front of desolation and emptiness. Post-modern skepticism and relativism became the dominant features that shape our intellectual and moral landscape, trapping us within a seemingly inescapable situation of crisis which finds its own language and expressions. Our journey will trace back to the origins and main motivations of what has been described as a constancy of the post-modern condition as it is described by Kolakowski in one of his essays from 1989, finding along our way writers like Heidegger and Nietzsche which we think  are our best witnesses of the main variations of the relation between the meaning of history and the crisis-consciousness.

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