scholarly journals Engraved footprints from the past. Retrieving cartographic geohistorical data from the Cassini <i>Carte de France</i>, 1750–1789

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Bertrand Duménieu ◽  
Julien Chadeyron ◽  
Pascal Cristofoli ◽  
Julien Perret ◽  
Laurence Jolivet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Constitutive Components

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Antique maps are full of engraved geohistorical features. They provide representations of past states of the geographical space and are favored by historians and social scientists for their uniqueness and coherence. Working on a GIS dedicated to the history of the French territory, we extracted spatial information from the Cassini <i>Carte de France</i> (full name <i>Carte Générale &amp; Particulière de la France</i>) as vector data. Based on the first geodetic survey of France [1, 4], this well-known and monumental map has been drawn on 182 paper sheets of size 610&amp;thinsp;&amp;times;&amp;thinsp;955&amp;thinsp;mm at the scale of 1:86,400 or 1 line for 100~toises (1 inch to 1.36 miles). It depicts the French territory with fine-grained information about populated and named places, settlements, landscape features, hydrographic, ecclesiastical and road networks [3, 5, 6, 7]. As a case study, the sheet numbered 52 provided more than 6 800 spatial footprints that we have stored as a geographic database. Following the distinction made by Cassini himself between “geometric” and “topographic” entities, our geographical database is composed of two families of data, namely <i>Triangulated Geographical Entities</i> (“geometric” entities in Cassini’s own terms) whose geodetic properties are partly documented and <i>Relative Geographical Entities</i> (“topographic” in Cassini’s terms) which are dependent on and located relative to the former (Fig. 1). Those entities are analytically distinct but come together from a single artifact: the primary source they are engraved in during the mapmaking process. Because this process of embeddedness is not fully documented, retrieving both classes of entities called for a cautious cartographic visualisation with similar semiological rules and aesthetics as the original historical map (Fig. 2). This “Cassini map style” preserves the cartographic properties of the geohistorical data extracted from this primary source: generalisation, scale, spatial granularity and the overall intentions of the mapmakers [2]. Often neglected, such properties are constitutive components and dimensions of the mapping style which forms the context and gives crucial information on the accuracy and the relationships between geo-historical data enclosed in. Our poster provides a renewed cartographic visualisation of the sheet 52nd sheet of the <i>Carte de France</i>, centred on the french cities of Clermont, Riom and Thiers. It reveals unnoticed cartographic entities that were hardly legible in the original map. The historiography of cartography has been largely, and for a long time, based on critical edition of old maps published as non-georeferenced facsimile . We propose to renew this approach by producing digital maps from vector geographic databases that combine the aesthetics and semiology of old map styles with the modelling capabilities of modern GIS.</p>

The petrology of oolitic phosphorites from Esprit (Aldabra), western Indian Ocean

1980 ◽  
Vol 288 (1032) ◽  
pp. 511-540 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Fibrous Structure ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal Sediments ◽  
Cubic Forms

The island of Esprit, at the western end of Aldabra lagoon, is capped by two groups of phosphorites. Near the summit, bedded deposits rest on and in cavities within the subaerially eroded surface of the limestones forming the island. The limestones themselves have not been phosphatized. On the lower slopes, and derived from the phosphorites above, are small outcrops of coarse, phosphate-cemented, bioclastic sediments and large, irregular fans of phosphoritic conglomerates. The phosphorites can be divided into five petrographic groups. Oolitic phosphorites are the most common and are apparently primary. Associated with them are lithoclast-bearing rocks, fine-grained phosphorites, bioclastic deposits and internal sediments, all of which are also wholly phosphatic. There have been numerous reworking episodes in the history of these rocks, such that large volumes now consist only of phosphatic cement sequences (the linings of former cavities) and internal sediments. Up to fourteen changes in the depositional milieu can be seen. The distribution of both cements and internal sediments is restricted, recording the paths of particular transport streams in groundwaters. The minerals identified are carbonatian hydroxyfluorapatites. Most cements are multilayer colloform crusts with a radially fibrous structure, but, in addition, crystals show a range of morphologies, including hexagonal, monoclinic and cubic forms. Some cements are carbonate, but other minerals that may have been present have been pseudomorphed by phosphates. The primary source of the phosphate in these rocks is thought to have been avian guano, deposited on a limestone surface at a time when sealevel was 7-8 m above its present position. Phosphate-rich derivatives from this were carried downwards by surface-wash processes and precipitated in a series of caves in the limestones excavated at the water table and drained as sealevel fell. Solution pipes were formed when sealevel was at least 1-2 m below its present position, but marine coquinal sediments deposited within these suggest that it was subsequently higher. Continued erosion of the host limestones, destroying the caves, released both phosphorite detritus, redeposited as the low-level sediments and transported into beach calcarenites, and phosphatic solutions for precipitation as cements. The phosphorites are tentatively dated as deposited 170-230 ka B.P .

New Thoughts on the Use of Chinese Documents in the Reconstruction of Early Swahili History

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shen
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Original Text ◽  
East African ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Texts

For a long time, scholars have known that the ancient Sino-East Africantrade relationship produced valuable accounts of East Africa in the Chinese imperial archives. Particularly, the historical documents compiled during the T'ang, Sung, and Ming dynasties contain several insightful snapshots of East Africa over the span of 800 years. Unfortunately, due to the difficulty of translating ancient Chinese texts, scholars have not been able to utilize these documents fully. In other cases, scholars have misused the translations to derive conclusions that may not be supported by the original text. In this essay I propose to re-examine the original Chinese sources and the way these sources have been used by subsequent scholars. Furthermore, I shall explore the real or potential contribution of these texts to our understanding of East African coastal history.The primary source of Chinese knowledge about East Africa during the T'ang dynasty (618-907) comes from Ching–hsing Chi (“Record of Travels”) and Yu–yang Tsa–tsu (“Assorted Dishes from Yu–yang”). During the Sung dynasty (960-1279), most of the information is recorded in Chu-fan-chih (“Gazetteer of Foreigners”) and Ling–wai Tai–ta (“Information from Beyond the Mountains”). Finally, the record of the Ming (1368-1644) naval expedition into the western Indian Ocean is preserved in Wu–pei–chih (“Notes on Military Preparedness”), Hsing–ch'a Sheng–lan (“Triumphant Vision of the Starry Raft”), and Ming Shih (“History of the Ming Dynasty”).

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Online Advertising in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S) ◽  
pp. 577-579
Keyword(s):  
Online Advertising ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Internet ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Business World ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Online Business

With the rapid growth in the IT Industry, many companies have started using the internet as primary source of advertising platform for taking advantage of online technologies. The Internet has became more familiar as online marketers found that Internet provides more convenience and command over the advertising area. The primary objective of this research is to find out how efficiently does the online advertising performs its role in making sale of goods to the customers with attractive offers and discounts to retain such online customers for a long time. Online Advertising became the primary source platform for promoting new products using advanced Internet features. With the birth of Internet, business world became more customized and many people started to buy their products online that could make their work easier and more faster. Online Advertising gives a creative dimension and unique characteristics to the product which is an added advantage. This gives a great progress in online business which reaches the ultimate aim of the marketer. Online Advertising viewers has no restrictions as it can be viewed 24/7 across the globe. By dealing with online market, marketers can reduce the transaction cost as it can contribute for the earnings of the company and also it is very secured while competing against International Marketing. In this Research, we would discuss about the origin and history of Online Advertising, Characteristics and Forms of Online Advertising, What are the challenges that marketers are facing while doing Online Advertising, Recent Trends in Online Advertising and Search Engine Optimization Statistics.

The Thorny Road From Primary to Secondary Source: The Cult of Mumbo and the 1914 Sack of Kisii

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
R.M. Maxon
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

For almost two decades, the cult of Mumbo or Mumboism has attracted the attention of historians and other social scientists interested in the colonial history of western Kenya. This has led to its recognition as an important protest response to colonial rule among the Gusii and Luo from the period just prior to World War I through the 1930s. Its importance has been magnified by ascribing to it responsibility for the looting of Kisii town, the administrative headquarters of what was then South Kavirondo district in southwestern Kenya. The Gusii people living near Kisii did indeed loot the town in September 1914 in the aftermath of the withdrawal of the British administration and a battle between an invading German force from German East Africa to the south and British troops, but the responsibility of the cult of Mumbo is at very best problematical. An examination of contemporary documentary and published primary sources shows that the cult of Mumbo or its teachings had nothing whatever to do with the looting and destruction of Kisii town, and offers a cautionary note on the use and abuse of colonial sources in Kenya history.Such a cautionary note is particularly highlighted by two recently published secondary works: Bill Freund's The Making of Contemporary Africa and E.S. Atieno-Odhiambo's chapter in volume VII of the UNESCO sponsored General History of Africa. In constructing their broad accounts, neither author had the opportunity to make extensive use of primary source material.

scholarly journals Traditional Festivals

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Laurent Sébastien Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Individual Researcher ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

This essay considers both the history of the growing academic field of festive studies and the history of my own involvement in this field. I first rely on some of the major works of accepted scholarship to show that social scientists and ethnologists had been concerned with festivals and public celebrations for a very long time before this field transformed into a specific area of research. I then show how my own practice in the ethnology of European traditional festivals and rituals evolved toward the idea of interdisciplinary festive studies in the two last decades or so. After connecting these two scales of time—the history of social sciences and my own path as an individual researcher—I eventually suggest possible avenues for future research in festive studies.

Algorithmic ethnography, during and after COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Angèle Christin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Online Interactions ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Online Activities ◽  
Online Exchanges ◽  
Computational Systems

Social scientists are increasingly turning to digital interactions as a primary source of qualitative data. Online activities in turn typically take place on algorithmically mediated platforms, which shape what people do and say in crucial ways. Here, I offer a toolkit for what I call algorithmic ethnography, that is, the ethnographic study of how computational systems structure online activities. First, scholars need to follow the data and take into consideration the tracking strategies, monetization systems, and business models of the platforms where online interactions unfold. Second, ethnographers should focus on the details of algorithmic sorting, since platforms typically have more content than they can display and thus rely on algorithmic procedures to personalize their pages. Third, ethnographers should include metrics in their fieldwork and study their effects on interactions, hierarchies, and representations. Together, these angles afford a fine-grained understanding of the computational texture of online exchanges.

Peering Beyond the Imperial Gaze: Using Digital Tools to Construct a Spatial History of Conquest

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Mikecz
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Spatial History ◽  
Colonial Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spatial Narrative

Ethnohistorians and other scholars have long noted how European colonial texts often concealed the presence and participation of indigenous peoples in New World conquests. This scholarship has examined how European sources (both texts and maps) have denied indigenous history, omitted indigenous presence, elided indigenous agency, and ignored indigenous spaces all while exaggerating their own power and importance. These works provide examples of colonial authors performing these erasures, often as a means to dispossess. What they lack, however, is a systematic means of identifying, locating, and measuring these silences in space and time. This article proposes a spatial history methodology which can make visible, as well as measurable and quantifiable the ways in which indigenous people and spaces have been erased by colonial narratives. It presents two methods for doing this. First, narrative analysis and geovisualization are used to deconstruct the imperial histories found in colonial European sources. Second it combines text with maps to tell a new (spatial) narrative of conquest. This new narrative reconstructs indigenous activity through a variety of digital maps, including ‘mood maps’, indigenous activity maps, and maps of indigenous aid. The resulting spatial narrative shows the Spanish conquest of Peru was never inevitable and was dependent on the constant aid of immense numbers of indigenous people.

Queering Musical Biography in the Writings of Edward Prime-Stevenson and Rosa Newmarch

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Kristin M. Franseen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Benjamin Britten ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
History Of ◽  
Music Research ◽  
Symphonic Music ◽  
Biographical Knowledge

Beginning with the “open secret” of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears's relationship and continuing through debates over Handel's and Schubert's sexuality and analyses of Ethel Smyth's memoirs, biography has played a central role in the development of queer musicology. At the same time, life-writing's focus on extramusical details and engagement with difficult-to-substantiate anecdotes and rumors often seem suspect to scholars. In the case of early-twentieth-century music research, however, these very gaps and ambiguities paradoxically offered some authors and readers at the time rare spaces for approaching questions of sexuality in music. Issues of subjectivity in instrumental music aligned well with rumors about autobiographical confession within Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique) for those who knew how to listen and read between the lines. This article considers the different ways in which the framing of biographical anecdotes and gossip in scholarship by music critic-turned-amateur sexologist Edward Prime-Stevenson and Tchaikovsky scholar Rosa Newmarch allowed for queer readings of symphonic music. It evaluates Prime-Stevenson's discussions of musical biography and interpretation in The Intersexes (1908/9) and Newmarch's Tchaikovsky: His Life and Works (1900), translation of Modest Tchaikovsky's biography, and article on the composer in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians to explore how they addressed potentially taboo topics, engaged with formal and informal sources of biographical knowledge (including one another's work), and found their scholarly voices in the absence of academic frameworks for addressing gender and sexuality. While their overt goals were quite different—Newmarch sought to dismiss “sensationalist” rumors about Tchaikovsky's death for a broad readership, while Prime-Stevenson used queer musical gossip as a primary source in his self-published history of homosexuality—both grappled with questions of what can and cannot be read into a composer's life and works and how to relate to possible queer meanings in symphonic music. The very aspects of biography that place it in a precarious position as scholarship ultimately reveal a great deal about the history of musicology and those who write it.

BRIDGE BUILDING AS A PROBLEM OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Tatiana S. Minaeva ◽  
Sergey S. Gulyaev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
European North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Floating Bridge ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Bridge Building ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. The organization of transport links and the bridge building in cities located on the banks of wide rivers has always been one of the most important tasks of the local administration. The study of the history of bridge building allows not only to trace the process of modernization of different regions of the country, but also to help in solving similar problems of our time. Nevertheless, the history of Russian bridge building is poorly studied. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristics and features of the organization of bridge building in big cities of the European North of Russia as a way to solve one of the problems of urban infrastructure in the early XX century. Materials and Methods. The sources for this study are the documents of the State archive of the Arkhangelsk region, published documents on the history of Vologda, articles in the local periodicals of the early XX century. The analysis of the studied problem used a systematic approach, the method of economic analysis, historical and historical-comparative methods. Results and Discussion. The building of permanent bridges was a need for the development of Arkhangelsk and Vologda. In Vologda the two wooden bridges were built in the middle of XIX century on city funds and in the future these bridges were repaired or rebuilt. The Arkhangelsk city authorities did not hurry to solve a problem of city infrastructure by own efforts and a long time they used the floating bridge. The lack of experience in the building of large bridges and the desire to save money led to the rapid destruction of the first permanent bridge in Arkhangelsk. Conclusion. The Development of trade and industry in cities of the European North of Russia, such as Arkhangelsk and Vologda, led to the expansion of their territory and the emergence over time, the so-called third parts of the cities. Despite the comparable size of the population of the districts located across the river, the process of connecting them with bridges to the rest of the city went at different rates, which depended on the attitude of the local administration to the problem of urban infrastructure.

نظام التوثيق وأثره في إدارة الأصول الوقفية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة: نماذج من إمارة الشارقة (Documentation System and its Impact on Endowment Managements in United Arabic Emirates: The Study of Emirate of Sharjah)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-193
Author(s):  
مها بنت منصور الصائغ
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Documentation System ◽  
The People ◽  
Endowment Management ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

شهد تاريخ الأمة الإسلامية حضارة ونهضة عالمية في جميع مجالات الحياة الإنسانية، ومما كان له كبير الأثر في ذلك هو الأوقاف التي بدأت مع سيد البشرية محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم واستمرت بتنوع وشمولية إلى عصرنا الحالي؛ ولكن ما تعرضت إليه الأوقاف من إهمال وإقصاء وضياع يرجع لأسباب عديدة من أهمها غياب التوثيق الوقفي. تقوم الدراسة على تتبع مفهوم الوقف والتوثيق، والوقف في الإمارات العربية المتحدة ول سيما في إمارة الشارقة. توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج منها: أن الأوقاف قائمة منذ زمن بعيد، وأن رغبة الواقف بالوقف وإقدامه عليها لم ينقصها سوى وثيقة، وأنه لا وثائق لها ولا مستندات، كما أن العرض الموجز لنشأة دائرة الأوقاف بالشارقة وسعيها لإحياء سنة الوقف ونشر ثقافته نراه يتضح شيئاً فشيئاً من خلال تفعيل مواد القانون والبحث حول الأنسب والأصح لحماية الأوقاف، ولم يكن هذا الاهتمام بالوقف إلا انعكاساً لتوجه الواقفين وتماشياً لرؤية الحكام وامتثالاً لنهج خير الأنام ورغبة في تكافل الأرواح وحباً للسلام. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: الوقف، التوثيق، المقارنة، الشارقة. Abstract The history of Islamic nation has witnessed a global civilization and it has had a great impact in all areas of human life, including the endowments that began with the master of humankind; Muhammad S.A.W. and it was continuing in diversity and comprehensively until our epoch. However, there are some problems related to endowment management such as negligence, exclusion and loss that due to many reasons. Among the most important reasons is the absence of endowment documentations. Therefore, the study aims to discuss the concept of endowment and documentation, as well as the endowment in United Arabic Emirates, especially in the Emirate of Sharjah. The study concluded that the practice of endowment has been existed for a long time, yet there are in need of endowment documentations. This study also found that the information related to the establishment of institution of endowment in Sharjah and its role has   spread widely to the people through the enforcement of the law and the implementation of the research related to the practice of endowment in order to sustain them in a good way. This documentation system was only a reflection of what has  stated in Shariah laws regarding the practice of endowment among the donors, so that it will be in line with the approach of good intentions and love of peace. Keywords: Endowment, Documentation, Comparison, Sharjah.   

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document