scholarly journals Empirical Study on Recognition of Spatial Patterns in Choropleth Maps Using Hexagonal Shaped Units

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Izabela Karsznia ◽  
Izabela Gołębiowska ◽  
Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa ◽  
Tomasz Nowacki
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Choropleth Maps

Epidemiological aspects and spatial patterns of human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (14) ◽  
pp. 1665-1677
Author(s):  
Iolanda Graepp-Fontoura ◽  
David Soeiro Barbosa ◽  
Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento ◽  
Volmar Morais Fontoura ◽  
Adriana Gomes Nogueira Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
And Control ◽  
Global And Local

AbstractHuman visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) cases are important public health problems due to their zoonotic aspect, with high rates of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. The aim of this this study was to identify spatial patterns in both rates of HVL cases in Brazilian states during the period from 2006 to 2015. This is an ecological study, using geoprocessing tools to create choropleth maps, based on secondary data from open access platforms, to identify priority areas for control actions of the disease. Data were collected in 2017 and analysed according to the global and local Moran's I, using TerraView 4.2.2 software. Similar clusters were observed in neighbouring municipalities in thematic maps of HVL, suggesting spatial similarity in the distribution of the disease in humans mainly in the North and Northeast Regions, which concentrate the states with the highest rates of HVL. Heterogeneous spatial patterns were observed in the distribution of HVL, which show municipalities that need higher priority in the intensification of disease surveillance and control strategies.

Change Blindness in Animated Choropleth Maps: An Empirical Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Fish ◽  
Kirk P. Goldsberry ◽  
Sarah Battersby
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Change Blindness ◽  
Choropleth Maps

scholarly journals Searching for an Optimal Hexagonal Shaped Enumeration Unit Size for Effective Spatial Pattern Recognition in Choropleth Maps

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Izabela Karsznia ◽  
Izabela Gołębiowska ◽  
Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa ◽  
Tomasz Nowacki
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Unit Size ◽  
Map Design ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Correct Communication ◽  
Area Unit

Thoughtful consideration of the enumeration unit size in choropleth map design is important to ensure the correct communication of spatial information. However, the enumeration unit size and its influence on pattern conveying in choropleth maps have not yet been the subject of in-depth empirical studies. This research aims to address this gap. We focused on the issue concerning whether the ability to recognize spatial patterns on an Equal Area Unit Map is related to the hexagonal enumeration unit size, defined by the number of pixels. The aim is to indicate the range of the enumeration unit sizes, namely, at what point the upper and lower borders of the range where the spatial patterns start, and where the end is visible and recognizable by users. To address this problem, we conducted an empirical study with 488 users. The results show that the enumeration unit size has an impact on the users’ spatial pattern recognition abilities. Choropleth maps with enumeration unit sizes of 26, 52, and 104 pixels were, in the majority, indicated by participants as those most suitable for indicating spatial patterns. This was in contrast to choropleth maps with enumeration unit sizes of 1664 and 3328 pixels, which users indicated as not being useful. However, there were some exceptions to this general finding. Thus, determining the optimal enumeration unit size is a challenging task, and requires further insightful investigations.

scholarly journals Data classification methods for preserving spatial patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jochen Schiewe
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Classification Methods ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Special Relationships ◽  
Task Oriented

Abstract. The primary purpose of choropleth maps is to display or even to emphasize special relationships or patterns in the spatial distribution of attribute values. However, because classification methods commonly used and implemented in software packages (such as equidistance, quantiles, Jenks, etc.) are data-driven, a preservation of such spatial patterns is not guaranteed. Instead of such a data-driven approach in the following a task-oriented procedure is pursued: For typical patterns (local and global extreme values, large value differences to neighbours, spatial clusters, hot/cold spots) specific algorithms have been developed, implemented and tested.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of incidence of leptospirosis among farm animals and humans in Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Ukhovskyi ◽  
N. B. Vydayko ◽  
G. B. Aliekseieva ◽  
M. V. Bezymennyi ◽  
I. M. Polupan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Etiological Factor ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
The World ◽  
Etiological Spectrum ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Cattle Herds

Leptospirosis remains one of the most widespread natural-focal, zoonotic infectious diseases in the world and in Ukraine. Leptospirosis is enzootic in the entire territory of Ukraine. Cases of diseases are registered in all regions of Ukraine. We initiated a study of comparative analysis of territorial distribution of leptospirosis outbreaks among animals and incidence in humans in Ukraine covering the years 2009–2016 inclusive. This study of the incidence of leptospirosis in Ukraine shows a significant circulation of leptospirosis both among humans and animals. Among cattle herds in Ukraine the percentage of positive animals was found to be 4.2% of the surveyed population. The dominant serovars of Leptospira were kabura (12.4%) and polonica (9.5%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 5.1%, bratislava – 4.9%, copenhageni – 4.1%, grippotyphosa – 2.4%, pomona – 1.1%, canicola – 1.0%. In pigs, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 3.2%, the dominant serovars of Leptospira were bratislava (29.1%) and copenhageni (25.1%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 4.3%, canicola – 3.0%, pomona – 2.7%, grippotyphosa – 1.3%, polonica – 1.2%, kabura – 0.6%. In horses, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 9.5% of the surveyed population. The serological range of Leptospira in horses was as follows: copenhageni – 14.2%, bratislava – 12.1%, canicola – 6.8%, grippotyphosa – 4.8%, tarassovi – 4.7%, pomona – 2.1%, kabura – 1.4%, polonica – 1.3%. Analysis of the results of research indicates extensive circulation of leptospirosis among humans in Ukraine as evidenced by the percentage of humans positively responding to MAT – 12.1% of the studied samples. The etiological structure of leptospirosis cases includes all the 14 serovars of the diagnostic set. The basis of the etiological spectrum was the serovar copenhageni – 37.3%. The share of other serovars as the etiological factor of leptospirosis in humans was different in different spans of the considered period. Most frequently, those were kabura – 12.3%, grippotyphosa – 11.7%, canicola – 9.5%, pomona – 9.1%. We mapped annual incidence of leptospirosis in animals and humans. Choropleth maps of annual leptospirosis incidence and cluster maps show opposite spatial patterns for animals and humans. The highest human rates were in the western and central parts of the country while the highest animal rates were mainly in the eastern part.

scholarly journals A missing link in cartographic visualization? A case study of “heat maps” effectiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Tomasz Panecki ◽  
Wojciech Pokojski
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Data Types ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Heat Map ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Choropleth Map

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> For several years, especially in Internet cartography, we have been observing the increase in the popularity of so-called "heat maps". It is a visualization method of “geospatial data on a map by using different colours to represent areas with different concentrations of points &amp;ndash; showing overall shape and concentration trends” (Yeap and Uy 2014). Such maps are used primarily when topographic presentation of the phenomenon is impossible due to its high concentration or too small graphical capacity of the map. It is important, however, that “heat map” shows the phenomenon within its natural spatial context, and thus does not limit the presentation only to the statistical boundaries as choropleth maps do. “Heat maps” have not yet been thoroughly studied within theoretical cartography (Netek et al. 2018) and neither their effectiveness has been measured in the context of varieties of this method (generalization, colour schemes, transparency, basemap, etc.).</p><p>The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to propose a coherent definition of this presentation method, as well as to place it among other, yet well-established methods such as isolines, choropleth maps, dasimetric maps and dot maps. It is also important to discuss this method in the context of the input data, types of data transformation (e.g. methods for estimating the density of the phenomenon), the applied colour schemes and generalization.</p><p>Secondly, a part of empirical study will be presented in the context of “heat maps” effectiveness. It will be taking under consideration such variables as generalization (4 different kernel radius values calculated in pixels) and type of method (“heat map”, choropleth map, dot map and single symbol map). 7 maps were thusly elaborated along with 7 questions based on different interaction primitives such as: compare, retrieve value, cluster or identify (R. Roth 2013) which gives an overall matrix of 49 map sets. Also, questions are designed in order to reflect two level of map reading: general and detailed. Correctness and time of answers are measured as depended variables. Moreover, after each question participants assess its difficulty and at the end of the questionnaire they are asked about their preferences (in terms of different “heat map” radii and methods) which allows to compare them with the results of the effectiveness study. Such elaborated empirical study will let us answer questions related with “heat map” effectiveness when comparing different radii and different methods.</p>

Individuals without jobs: An empirical study of job-seeking behavior and reemployment.

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie R. Wanberg ◽  
John D. Watt ◽  
Deborah J. Rumsey
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Job Seeking ◽  
Seeking Behavior
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