scholarly journals STATE-OF-THE-ART OF 3D NATIONAL MAPPING IN 2016

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B4 ◽  
pp. 653-660
Author(s):  
Jantien Stoter ◽  
Bruno Vallet ◽  
Thomas Lithen ◽  
Maria Pla ◽  
Piotr Wozniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
3D Mapping ◽  
Experimental Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Third Dimension

Techniques for 3D mapping are maturing. At the same time the need for 3D data is increasing. This has pushed national (and regional) mapping agencies (NMAs) to consider extending their traditional task of providing topographic data into the third dimension. To show how research results in 3D mapping obtained over the past twenty years have been adopted by practice, this paper presents the ongoing work on 3D mapping within seven NMAs, all member of the 3D Special Interest Group of European Spatial Data Research (EuroSDR). The paper shows that some NMAs are still in the initial (experimental) phase of 3D mapping, while others have already built solid databases to maintain 2.5D and 3D topographic data covering their whole country.

scholarly journals STATE-OF-THE-ART OF 3D NATIONAL MAPPING IN 2016

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B4 ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jantien Stoter ◽  
Bruno Vallet ◽  
Thomas Lithen ◽  
Maria Pla ◽  
Piotr Wozniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
3D Mapping ◽  
Experimental Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Third Dimension

Techniques for 3D mapping are maturing. At the same time the need for 3D data is increasing. This has pushed national (and regional) mapping agencies (NMAs) to consider extending their traditional task of providing topographic data into the third dimension. To show how research results in 3D mapping obtained over the past twenty years have been adopted by practice, this paper presents the ongoing work on 3D mapping within seven NMAs, all member of the 3D Special Interest Group of European Spatial Data Research (EuroSDR). The paper shows that some NMAs are still in the initial (experimental) phase of 3D mapping, while others have already built solid databases to maintain 2.5D and 3D topographic data covering their whole country.

scholarly journals TESTING THE IMPACT OF 2D GENERALISATION ON 3D MODELS – EXPLORING ANALYSIS OPTIONS WITH AN OFF-THE-SHELF SOFTWARE PACKAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W10 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
E. Muñumer Herrero ◽  
C. Ellul ◽  
J. Morley
Keyword(s):  
3D Models ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The Impact ◽  
City Models

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Popularity and diverse use of 3D city models has increased exponentially in the past few years, providing a more realistic impression and understanding of cities. Often, 3D city models are created by elevating the buildings from a detailed 2D topographic base map and subsequently used in studies such as solar panel allocation, infrastructure remodelling, antenna installations or even tourist guide applications. However, the large amount of resulting data slows down rendering and visualisation of the 3D models, and can also impact the performance of any analysis. Generalisation enables a reduction in the amount of data – however the addition of the third dimension makes this process more complex, and the loss of detail resulting from the process will inevitably have an impact on the result of any subsequent analysis.</p><p>While a few 3D generalization algorithms do exist in a research context, these are not available commercially. However, GIS users can create the generalised 3D models by simplifying and aggregating the 2D dataset first and then extruding it to the third dimension. This approach offers a rapid generalization process to create a dataset to underpin the impact of using generalised data for analysis. Specifically, in this study, the line of sight from a tall building and the sun shadow that it creates are calculated and compared, in both original and generalised datasets. The results obtained after the generalisation process are significant: both the number of polygons and the number of nodes are minimized by around 83<span class="thinspace"></span>% and the volume of 3D buildings is reduced by 14.87<span class="thinspace"></span>%. As expected, the spatial analyses processing times are also reduced. The study demonstrates the impact of generalisation on analytical results – which is particularly relevant in situations where detailed data is not available and will help to guide the development of future 3D generalisation algorithms. It also highlights some issues with the overall maturity of 3D analysis tools, which could be one factor limiting uptake of 3D GIS.</p>

scholarly journals How flat can a horse be? Exploring 2D approximations of 3D crania in equids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cardini Andrea ◽  
Marika Chiappelli
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Cranial Variation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Landmark Configuration ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Similarity Relationships ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
2D And 3D

ABSTRACTQuantitative analyses of morphological variation using geometric morphometrics are often performed on 2D photos of 3D structures. It is generally assumed that the error due to the flattening of the third dimension is negligible. However, despite hundreds of 2D studies, few have actually tested this assumption and none has done it on large animals, such as those typically classified as megafauna. We explore this issue in living equids, focusing on ventral cranial variation at both micro- and macro-evolutionary levels. By comparing 2D and 3D data, we found that size is well approximated, whereas shape is more strongly impacted by 2D inaccuracies, as it is especially evident in intra-specific analyses. The 2D approximation improves when shape differences are larger, as in macroevolution, but even at this level precise inter-individual similarity relationships are altered. Despite this, main patterns of sex, species and allometric variation in 2D were the same as in 3D, thus suggesting that 2D may be a source of ‘noise’ that does not mask the main signal in the data. However, the problem is complex and any generalization premature. Morphometricians should therefore test the appropriateness of 2D using preliminary investigations in relation to the specific study questions in their own samples. We discuss whether this might be feasible using a reduced landmark configuration and smaller samples, which would save time and money. In an exploratory analysis, we found that in equids results seem robust to sampling, but become less precise and, with fewer landmarks, may slightly overestimate 2D inaccuracies.

scholarly journals Insight into diatom frustule structures using various imaging techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Zgłobicka ◽  
Jürgen Gluch ◽  
Zhongquan Liao ◽  
Stephan Werner ◽  
Peter Guttmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Diatom Frustule ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Visualization Techniques ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe diatom shell is an example of complex siliceous structure which is a suitable model to demonstrate the process of digging into the third dimension using modern visualization techniques. This paper demonstrates importance of a comprehensive multi-length scale approach to the bio-structures/materials with the usage of state-of-the-art imaging techniques. Imaging of diatoms applying visible light, electron and X-ray microscopy provide a deeper insight into the morphology of their frustules.

scholarly journals FROM DAGUERREOTYPES TO DIGITAL AUTOMATIC PHOTOGRAMMETRY. APPLICATIONS AND LIMITS FOR THE BUILT HERITAGE PROJECT

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-5/W1 ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Fassi ◽  
C. Campanella
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
John Ruskin ◽  
Reading Methods ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Conservation Project ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Real Practice

This paper will describe the evolutionary stages that shaped and built, over the time, a robust and solid relationship between ‘indirect survey methods’ and knowledge of the ‘architectural matter’, aiming at producing a conservation project for the built heritage. <br><br> Collecting architectural data by simply drawing them was considered to be inadequate by John Ruskin already in 1845. He strongly felt the need to fix them through that ‘blessed’ invention that was the ‘daguerreotype’. Today taking simple photographs is not enough: it is crucial to develop systems able to provide the best graphics supports (possibly in the third dimension) for the development and editing of the architectural project. <br><br> This paper will focus not only on the re-examination of historical data, on the research and representation of the ‘sign’, but also on the evolution of technologies and ‘reading methods’, in order to highlight their strengths and weaknesses in the real practice of conservation project and in the use of the architectures of the past.

Beyond ‘power and solidarity’

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiri Lee ◽  
Young-mee Yu Cho
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Japanese Speaker ◽  
Address Terms ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
Selection Of

This study examines the nominal address terms in Korean and Japanese and argues that the notion of ‘Intimacy’ plays a crucial role in choosing an appropriate nominal address term in both languages. In the past several decades, a long list of researchers working in diverse languages have evaluated the validity of the Power and Solidarity semantics proposed by Brown and Gilman (1960), which provided a ground-breaking framework to account for the selection of pronominal address terms in the T-V languages. Building on the Power and Solidarity semantics, we propose to fine-tune it by adding Intimacy as the third dimension crisscrossing the first two well-established dimensions. We take Power and Solidarity as socially prescribed notions while Intimacy is personally defined. We demonstrate how this highly subjective notion dictates and often manipulates the ways the Korean/Japanese speaker selects an appropriate nominal address term. In particular, we argue that the Korean selection of pseudo-kinship terms over the neutral title ssi, or the Japanese use of chan/kun by adult speakers in lieu of the default ‘Last Name+san’, cannot be accounted for without applying Intimacy as a crucial indexing device. Furthermore, we suggest that Intimacy is not an ad hoc dimension specific to Korean and Japanese, but that it is relevant to all languages whether or not a given language has an overt way of encoding it.

A Macintosh Interface for the Cameca Camebax-Micro Electron Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Carl E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control

Over the past few years it has become apparent in our multi-user facility that the computer system and software supplied in 1985 with our CAMECA CAMEBAX-MICRO electron microprobe analyzer has the greatest potential for improvement and updating of any component of the instrument. While the standard CAMECA software running on a DEC PDP-11/23+ computer under the RSX-11M operating system can perform almost any task required of the instrument, the commands are not always intuitive and can be difficult to remember for the casual user (of which our laboratory has many). Given the widespread and growing use of other microcomputers (such as PC’s and Macintoshes) by users of the microprobe, the PDP has become the “oddball” and has also fallen behind the state-of-the-art in terms of processing speed and disk storage capabilities. Upgrade paths within products available from DEC are considered to be too expensive for the benefits received. After using a Macintosh for other tasks in the laboratory, such as instrument use and billing records, word processing, and graphics display, its unique and “friendly” user interface suggested an easier-to-use system for computer control of the electron microprobe automation. Specifically a Macintosh IIx was chosen for its capacity for third-party add-on cards used in instrument control.

Health Informatics Education in the Third World

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 270-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Rienhoff
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Third World ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Educational Tools ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

Abstract:The state of the art is summarized showing many efforts but only few results which can serve as demonstration examples for developing countries. Education in health informatics in developing countries is still mainly dealing with the type of health informatics known from the industrialized world. Educational tools or curricula geared to the matter of development are rarely to be found. Some WHO activities suggest that it is time for a collaboration network to derive tools and curricula within the next decade.

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