scholarly journals ENSEMBLE OF CONSTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES IN THE CASTLE OF RICOTE (MURCIA, SPAIN)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 1011-1016
Author(s):  
I. Almela ◽  
L. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
The West ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Stratigraphic Analysis ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village

Abstract. The Castle of Ricote, also known as Los Peñascales, is a fortification on a steep hill of the Ricote Valley overlooking the Vega Media of the Segura River, to the east, and the village of Ricote to the west. According to written sources, the history of this castle dates back from the ninth century. However, its military and administrative weight persisted even after the Christian conquest, when it became the headquarters of the Order of Santiago, until the fifteenth century. Despite its poor state of repair, the use of the castle overtime can be established on the site by means of a rather complex sequence of phases and a very heterogeneous set of construction techniques. Although it has been hard to accomplish a complete analysis, in this paper we have attempted a stratigraphic analysis and a synthesis of the techniques used in the medieval interventions, which are highly relevant due to their diversity and special features. Among them, the following have been covered: stonework with lime mortar built through shuttering, rammed earth, and lime-crusted rammed earth. In addition, the two main phases detected, and their respective techniques will also be underlined, since they are present consistently throughout the whole castle.

scholarly journals Las técnicas constructivas en las murallas medievales de Almería

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Gurriarán Daza
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Typical Scheme ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Middle Ages

Building techniques in the medieval walls of AlmeríaAlmería was one of the most important cities in al-Andalus, a circumstance that was possible thanks to the strength of its port. Its foundation as an urban entity during the Caliphate of Córdoba originated a typical scheme of an Islamic city organized by a medina and a citadel, both walled. Subsequent city’s growths, due to the creation of two large suburbs commencing in the eleventh century, also received defensive works, creating a system of fortifications that was destined to defend the place during the rest of the Middle Ages. In this work we will analyse the construction techniques used in these military works, which cover a wide period from the beginning of the tenth century until the end of the fifteenth century. Although ashlar stone was used in the Caliphate fortification, in most of these constructions bricklayer techniques were used, more modest but very useful. In this way, the masonry and rammed earth technique were predominant, giving rise to innumerable constructive phases that in recent times are being studied with archaeological methodology, thus to know better their evolution and main characteristics. 

Nizam al-Mulk Remembered

2018 ◽  
pp. 127-148
Author(s):  
Neguin Yavari
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth

The focus in the fifth and final chapter is on the afterlife of Nizam al-Mulk, of his legacy as well as of his representations. By the late fifteenth century, in Timurid Iran, Nizam al-Mulk is already the stuff of legend. In one historian’s estimation, the vizier is a veritable eleventh-century avatar of the martyr par excellence of Shi’i lore Husayn b. ‘Ali (d. 680), and the progenitor of modern Iran. But the story of Nizam al-Mulk does not end with his metamorphosis into a crypto-Shi‘i and a proto-Iranian patriot. In the 2010s, it is Nizam al-Mulk who is the most regularly invoked exemplar of legitimate Islamic governance, exhorting prudence and expedience to guide the Iranian polity through the treacherous waters of nuclear negotiations with the West, and to domesticate outlier and extremist fervor. The Iranian invocation of Nizam al-Mulk differs radically from his depiction in modern Sunni—Arab or Turkish—historiography. That living legacy is the true history of the laureled vizier.

scholarly journals A Contested Jurisdiction: Armenia in Late Antiquity

2017 ◽  
pp. 199-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Roman Provinces ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Village

Although Roman and Persian engagement with late antique Armenia has been analysed from several perspectives, its juridical dimension has been largely ignored. This chapter provides a reassessment of the legislation pertaining to Roman Armenia from the reign of Justinian, arguing that it offers a reflection of legal practices operating beyond the newly reorganised Roman provinces, in districts of Armenia under Persian hegemony. It may also attest the seeping of Roman legal culture beyond the formal limits of the jurisdiction. Crucially, the local inheritance practices which the legislation prescribes find analogues in Sasanian jurisprudence. Although not every aspect of Persian legal culture will have been replicated in the districts of Armenia or received in the same way, the rich Armenian literary tradition from late antiquity reveals a proximate legal culture, expressed in terms of concepts employed and processes followed. Three illustrations from Łazar P‘arpets‘i History are examined. Furthermore two later compilations preserve valuable evidence of law in practice. The tenth-century compilation titled History of Ałuank‘ contains a collection of documents deriving from the Council of Partav convened in 705 CE. One of these confirms that land across Caucasian Albania was still being bought and sold at this time, that there was current uncertainty over whether the transfer of a village included the village church and its endowment, and that laymen had been represented as holding clerical status to circumvent this. A specific case is then outlined. The late thirteenth-century History of Siwnik‘ on the other hand contains transcripts of fifty-two documents, and summaries of twelve more, recording property transactions in favour of the bishops of Siwnik‘ and the see of Tat‘ev. It is argued that the earliest of these, dating from the middle of the ninth century, preserve clear vestiges of Sasanian legal culture. Armenian sources have much to tell us about law and legal tradition in Sasanian Persia.

scholarly journals Construção com Terra: Breve Histórico e Técnicas

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Mariana Aparecida Giraldelli ◽  
Fabricia Cristina Lemos Melo ◽  
Osvaldo Alves Pereira ◽  
Maria Aparecida Domingues ◽  
Stefani Karoline Teodoro Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Raw Earth

A utilização do solo como matéria prima para técnicas construtivas surgiu junto com a necessidade de os seres humanos se fixarem em locais, construindo as primeiras habitações e sociedades. As primeiras construções em terra crua são datas com mais de 7.000 anos A.C., sendo observado que a utilização desta matéria prima ocorreu em quase todos os continentes devido à diversidade quantidade do material e ao clima. No Brasil, as técnicas construtivas com terra crua foram amplamente utilizadas no período colonial com forte influência dos portugueses que introduziram as técnicas de adobe, taipa de mão e taipa de pilão. Tais técnicas construtivas se mantiveram presentes, mas este modo de construir vem perdendo espaço no final do século VIII e até meados do século XIX e se vê cada vez mais marginalizado. Conhecer estas técnicas construtivas que remontam as civilizações antigas, a sua história e seus métodos e necessário para apreender e entender parte da cultura e das tradições humana. Esta revisão narrativa, baseada em livros, artigos e seminários, faz um levantamento sobre a história da matéria prima solo na construção civil, apresentando cronologicamente as técnicas e métodos construtivos que foram utilizadas em diferentes regiões, com foco nas construções em terra crua conhecidos e usuais no Brasil.   Palavras-chave: Construções em Terra. Arquitetura de Terra. Bioconstrução.   Abstract The use of soil as raw material for construction techniques arose along with the need for human beings to settle in places, building the first houses and societies. The first constructions on raw earth are dates more than 7,000 years B.C., being observed that the use of this raw material occurred in almost all the continents due to the diversity of the material and the climate. In Brazil, the construction techniques with raw earth were widely used in the colonial period with a strong influence of the Portuguese who introduced the techniques of adobe, rammed earth and rammed earth. Such construction techniques remained present, but this way of building has been losing ground in the late 8th century and until the middle of the 19th century and is increasingly marginalized. Knowing these constructive techniques that go back to ancient civilizations, their history and their methods is necessary to learn and understand part of human culture and traditions. This narrative review, based on books, articles and seminars, surveys the history of soil raw material in civil construction, chronologically presenting the construction techniques and methods that were used in different regions, focusing on the known and usual raw earth constructions in Brazil.   Keywords: Earth Constructions. Earth Architecture. Bioconstruction.

The Merchant Adventurers of Bristol in the Fifteenth Century

1928 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
E. M. Carus-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
New World ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
At Home

Ashrewd Italian visitor, writing of England more than four hundred years ago, remarked:—“There are scarcely any towns of importance in the kingdom excepting these two: Bristol, a seaport to the West, and Boraco, otherwise York, which is on the borders of Scotland; besides London to the South.” Now York was not a port, though it traded far afield through Hull; London was a port, but it was so much else that its story is confusingly complex; moreover it was not by the Thames but by the Severn that Englishmen first found a pathway to the New World at the end of the Middle Ages. Hence Bristol, then the second port in England, is of peculiar interest to the student of the still unwritten history of English commerce in the fifteenth century—a history unchronicled, but not unrecorded, and quite as significant as the wars abroad and the strifes at home which have too often earned for the century a character of futility.

scholarly journals THE VAMPIRLIJA HILL IN THE VILLAGE OF MIJAJLOVAC (TRSTENIK): A POSSIBLE LOCATION FOR THE BIRTHPLACE OF EUROPEAN ‘VAMPIROLOGY’

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-132
Author(s):  
ALEKSANDAR RISTIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Bram Stoker ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Historical Figure ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Morava River ◽  
The Village

Vampires gained worldwide popularity due to the classic novel about the most famous one, Dracula, written by Bram Stoker in 1897. Bram Stoker’s Dracula has very little in common with his inspiration, the fifteenth-century Wallachian ruler Vlad III (1431‒1476), who was a real historical figure. However, some strange events involving the dead seem to have occurred in Southwest of Transylvania a few centuries after the Wallachian prince’s death. In some parts of the Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (1718‒1739), the local Austrian authorities recorded some cases of ‘vampirism’, which Europe would be introduced to shortly afterward, along with this newly accepted word. This paper will present historical facts about one particular case recorded at the southernmost border of the Habsburg Empire, which at the time was the West Morava River. It was the case of a ‘vampire’ named Arnold Paole, who died in 1726/7 in the border village of Medveđa and whose case ‘infected’ the whole Europe with the ‘virus’ of ‘vampiromania’. The main goal of the paper is to locate the spot where one of the first ‘vampire slayings’ ever recorded could have taken place, and to direct further investigations within early modern age archaeology.

The history of the industrial and commercial area of ‘Abbāsid Al-Raqqa, called Al-Raqqa Al-Muhtariqa

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFAN HEIDEMANN
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up

The history of the industrial and commercial district between al-Raqqa and al-Rāfiqa is reconstructed on the basis of literary sources, numismatic finds and aerial views from the early twentieth century. It probably came into being during the 160s/780s when the ‘old market of the caliph Hishām’ was transferred from within al-Raqqa to the free land between the two cities. The decision of Hārūn al-Rashīd to reside in al-Raqqa created a new demand, and consequently glass furnaces and pottery kilns were set up for mass production. A road running from the east gate of al-Rāfiqa connected this area. After 198/213 the governor of the west, Tārhir ibn al-Husain, erected a wall north of the area in order to protect it from Bedouin raids. During the third/ninth century at the latest the area developed into a third urban entity. Al-Muqaddasī mentions an al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa. The identification with the commercial and industrial area is proposed. The decline of al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa began in the 270s/880s and 280s/890s. The devastating rule of the Hamdânids probably marks its end.

A Traditional History of the Konyan (15th-16th Century): Vase Camara's Epic of Musadu

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 49-85
Author(s):  
Tim Geysbeek
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village

In an oral discourse passed down through many generations, the village elder Vase Kamara describes how a slave named Zo Musa Kòma founded the ancient town of Musadu in Guinea-Conakry, and he explains how the legendary Kamara ancestor Foningama later became a leader in Musadu. We tentatively date some elements of the Zo Musa stories to about the fourteenth and fifteenth century, when the Manding began to assimilate and push the Southwestern and Eastern Mande-speaking peoples from the Musadu area in the Konyan to the forest. Some of the Foningama related accounts seem to correspond to the era when the Kamara who settled in the Konyan became active in the sixteenth-century Mane “invasions.”Stories about Musadu's founding provide information about these movements and help bridge the histories of the savanna and forest peoples who live in Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and Liberia. The Musadu legend links the Konyaka to their kinsmen who live in the traditional heartland of the Mali empire in present-day northern Guinea and southern Mali. In addition, some Manding, Vai, Loma, Gola, Kpelle, Konor, Dan, and Mano trace their origins to Musadu, and reflect one Loma writer's claim that “all of the tribes in Liberia are from Musadu, or have some association with Musadu” (Korvali 1960:7).The main actors are Manding (Mandekan) speakers who migrated to the Mau/Gbè and Konyan regions of western Côte d'Ivoire and southern Guinea respectively. The Mauka/Gbèka and Konyaka are members of the Northern Mande language group and are classified as Maninka (Malinke). The Bamana (Bambara), Dyula (Jula), and Vai are other Northern Mande speakers. Vase claims that Foningama was Manding, and that Zo Musa was Kpelle. The Kpelle, Loma, and Konor are Southwestern Mande speakers, and the Dan (Gio) and Mano are Eastern Mande speakers.

scholarly journals Early Symptoms of Modernism in Traditional Balinese Painting Began in Northern Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
I Dewa Alit Dwija Putra ◽  
◽  
Sarena Abdullah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Art ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Arts ◽  
The Village ◽  
Visual Changes

The history of significant changes in traditional Balinese art towards modern art took place in the 1930s in the village of Ubud, South Bali. Visual changes in Balinese art are unlike changes in modern art in the West or in Indonesian modern art. The visuals show a strong traditional style, although signs of modernity as this paper will argue, can be found. Modern Balinese art in Ubud in the 1930s actually started in North Bali in the 1870s. It was the role of two Dutchmen named Van der Tuuk and W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp, a linguist and academic artist, who contributed to the introduction of modern art to North Balinese artists. The interaction between the two Dutchmen and the local artists gave birth to arts that are slightly different from traditional arts in Bali. This paper will discuss the shift from traditional to modern painting done by Balinese artists in this early period that resulted in the transition of traditional to modern art through the changes in techniques and media; and themes and functions of these visuals. As such, this marks a shift from art that are no longer spiritual but lean more towards the profane.

scholarly journals India nel quattrocento: Fifteenth-Century Italian Travel Writings on India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitamanyu Das ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Travel Narratives ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The West ◽  
Narrative Tradition ◽  
Marco Polo ◽  
Travel Writings ◽  
Santo Stefano ◽  
History Of

Fifteenth-century Italian travel narratives on India by Nicolò dei Conti and Gerolamo di Santo Stefano present a detailed account of the India they visited, following the narrative tradition of the Italian Marco Polo. These narratives of the Renaissance were published as descriptive authorial texts of travellers to the East. Their importance was due to the authors’ detailed first-hand experiences of the societies and cultures that they encountered, as well as the various trade centres of the period. These narratives were utilised by merchants, explorers, and Jesuits for a variety of purposes. The narratives of Nicolò dei Conti and Gerolamo di Santo Stefano thus became indispensable tools that were later distorted through numerous translations to suit the politics of Orientalism for the emerging colonial enterprises. In my paper, I have attempted a re-reading of the particular texts to identify how Italy saw India, while illustrating through their history of publication the transformation that these narratives underwent later in order to objectify India in the West through the lens of Orientalism in their manner of representation.

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