scholarly journals VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND TRADITIONAL URBANISM IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROPERTY OF PICO, IN AZORES (PORTUGAL)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
R. Florentino ◽  
M. Correia ◽  
G. Sousa ◽  
G. Carlos
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
The North ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
The World

Abstract. The World Heritage Committee lists every year, several cultural sites as World Heritage properties. Some of these properties balance the notion of a landscape that bears combined works between nature and men, on which vernacular architecture is part of a local tradition of interaction with nature. The 3dPast research project is a European project, coordinated by Escola Superior Gallaecia and co-funded by the European Union, under the Creative Europe programme. The project studies and values vernacular knowledge of these unique places. In Portugal, the Pico landscape was listed as a World Heritage property due to the 500 years of history of local inhabitants adapting farming practices to produce wine, in a challenge environment and in a remote place in the middle of the Atlantic. This article aims to study, the history and the development of the island's architecture and urbanism, based on an ancestral way of life that is still alive nowadays. The scarcity of natural resources and the difficulties to travel between villages and islands emphasised the effects of insularity. However, the continuity of local culture, passed down through generations, created a strong identity, which is source of pride. The cultural landscape classified area includes about 987 hectares, from the parish of Criação Velha, on the south coast, to Santa Luzia, on the north side, covering part of two municipalities of Pico. The article first presents a brief historical background of the island. Following, it focuses on the evolution of human occupation, through the reading of population indicators and traditional architecture and urbanism, recognizing the unique cultural and landscape values within the property. Finally, it discusses the current regulatory framework on territorial planning, and the architectural and urban regulations in planning framework, with particular emphasis on processes and practices at different scales.

Slavernijverleden werpt schaduw vooruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-168
Author(s):  
DAVID KOREN
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Port City ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
Plantation System

Slavery past casts a shadow. A World Heritage Status for the plantation system of western Curaçao? The possible nomination of the western plantations for the World Heritage List of UNESCO offers a possibility to safeguard this rather unique - but eroding - relict landscape. However, an important precondition for a successful nomination is consensus on a clear strategy and goals of a nomination. The strategy could involve a new nomination, but also an extension of the existing site of Willemstad. This latter option retroactively gives the opportunity to clarify the (architectural) wealth of Willemstad and to explain why people from different continents came together in this port city. Another precondition is popular support, which is rather shallow due to the centuries-long connection of plantations with slavery. A nomination definitely should acknowledge the dark pages of history, including the intangible aspects of this past. More systematic research into the various aspects of the slave society could help to fill such ‘knowledge gaps’. It seems wise to diminish the traditional focus on the architecture of the plantations and to consider them as a cultural landscape, as well as to focus on the ingenious ways people tried to make a living in this dry landscape. This implies that the selection needs to be revised, taking into account other modes of production, like salt, water and mining.

3. Engaging the World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Edwards
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
International Security ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Security Actor ◽  
Small Member

This chapter examines the ways in which the European Union enters into international relations and engages with key processes in the world arena. It first provides a historical background on the interaction of an evolving EU with the rest of the world before discussing the main patterns of relationships and interactions in the areas in which Europe has been active. It then considers two centres of enduring tensions in the EU's external engagement: EU's engagement with processes of international cooperation and conflict, and with processes of global governance. It also looks at tensions that arise between the collective ‘European’ and national positions. They are between: Europeanization and national foreign policy; rhetoric and achievement; big and small member states; old and new Europe; and the concept of civilian power Europe and the EU as an international security actor with access to military forces.

Charting Taiwan's Technological Future: The Impact of Globalization and Regionalization

1996 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 1196-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Fred Simon
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The North ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The World ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Impact

There is now general agreement among observers of international economic and technology affairs that the world has entered a period characterized by the interplay of two potent and possibly dialectical forces - globalization and regionalization. Globalization, which is clearly manifested in the changing nature of competition in industries ranging from textiles to telecommunications, is being driven by a combination of diverse forces, including the communication and transportation revolutions, the growing trends towards liberalization, privatization and deregulation, and the rapid diffusion of technologies around the world. Multinational companies (MNCs) have become the principal purveyors of globalization as they seek out new markets and search the world for access to critical R D, production and distribution assets irrespective of where they may be found. Regionalization, on the other hand, has primarily been driven by macro-political forces, with governments as the initiating agents, as in die case of the formation of the European Union and the North American Free Trade Association. Where regionalization is driven by explicit and overt government actions and policies it can more often than not be seen as an anathema to globalization; politicallyinduced regionalization in these cases is driven, in large part, by concerns about loss of national competitiveness and a decline in economic welfare.

World Heritage Site as the place for education: the case of the Gango-ji Temple in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-462
Author(s):  
Satohiro Serizawa ◽  
Soichiro Sunami
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Local Community ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
The Temple

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate educational functions of the World Heritage Site by examining the case of cultural tourism in a Japanese Buddhist temple. Design/methodology/approach Japan accepted the World Heritage Convention in 1992. “Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara” were decided to be listed on the World Cultural Heritage in 1998. It was composed of buildings, monuments and related cultural landscape, including five Buddhist temples and one Shinto shrine. Among them, the Gango-ji, focused in this paper, is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Japan. Findings It has been keeping many cultural properties related to the folk religious practice and providing many activities for the local community. The material culture of folk-belief is now preserved in a building in the temple yard. And there is an exhibition room. The main hall and the exhibition room are the important facilities for social education, where the visitors can watch and touch the real materials. According to the staffs of the temple, the tourists had better stay in the main hall after 1 h study at the exhibition room. Originality/value Heritage is a process of the contemporary people engaging in the usage of past as resources. The buildings as the tangible heritage used by the present community are combined with the actions as the intangible heritage of the people who preserve the heritage. The temporal tourists are also permitted to enjoy the process as participants. They can learn many things through their experiences at the heritage site.

Shifting International Security Norms

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-246
Author(s):  
Denise Garcia
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
International Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Global Norms

The world is going through a crisis of the international liberal order, exemplified by a host of recent shocks: the invasion and annexation of Crimea by Russia; the transnational dimensions of conflicts such as in Syria; the United Kingdom's decision to exit the European Union; the attempted coup d’état in Turkey and its reversal toward autocracy; and the election and rise of non-universalist and illiberal governments as well as politicians who operate under the populist rubric in countries that are viewed as beacons of democracy and stability. These shocks have catalyzed two outcomes. First, the prevailing global norms that serve as the custodians of peace and security have been the subject of revived debate. Second, and relatedly, these shocks have prompted deep reflection on the role of institutions such as the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), as well as the roles of the supposedly democratic members within those institutions.

scholarly journals Development and formation of Denmark innovation system: statistical overview

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
I.S. Balanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic

The author continues a series of research on the history, features and key moments of the emergence of innovative systems in Scandinavian countries. Scientific-innovative ecosystems have already been analyzed in such countries of Northern Europe as Sweden, Finland, Iceland. The next step is to familiarize you with the peculiarities of innovation in Denmark. Since Denmark is in the northern part of Europe, part of the Scandinavian countries, it is natural that the development of the Danish political, economic and social systems was in close connection with the evolution of the same systems in other states of the region. The same can be said about the development of the scientific component of the Danish statehood. And although Denmark has a number of its own, not similar features – natural resources, population composition, relief, etc. – the formation of the innovation system in it was entirely under the so-called “Scandinavian” scenario, that is moderately, consistently and evenly. In the course of studying this topic, the author tried to use already existing at present scientific work of foreign and domestic scientists. Unfortunately, with a large number of studies of innovative systems in Europe and its north, analytical reviews of the Danish subjects are practically absent. Therefore, the author widely used the statistical data and scientific reviews of the official sites of the European Union, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, etc. The informative reports and analytical publications edited by these organizations have greatly contributed to a deeper analysis of the process of becoming, and especially the current state of the Danish innovation system, comparing it with other countries in the region and the world. In addition to the statistics, the study provides a brief historical background on the beginning of the country’s innovation – listed basic legal documents, analyzed the main components of the innovation system, called the leading “players” of the innovation process in Denmark. Concluding and looking for parallels for Ukraine, it became clear that at this stage of development, our states are very different from each other. The population, the territory, the minerals, and most importantly, the political, economic, social situation and, above all, the security picture are the main factors that make Ukraine and Denmark completely different from each other. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to provide practical recommendations for reforms in Ukraine under the “Danish” scenario. However, for today in Ukraine, we have a transition period, when a complete change of the state course in all directions is possible. Therefore, the author still hopes for at least a partial embodiment of the “Danish” (or “Scandinavian”) scenario in the development of the innovation system in Ukraine.

scholarly journals PRINCIPLES OF PRESERVATION OF THE CHURCH OF TRANSFIGURATION OF THE LORD IN KIZHI, THE OBJECT OF THE WORLD HERITAGE OF UNESCO

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
T. Nezvickaya
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Regulatory Document ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
International Experts ◽  
The Church

The restoration of wooden churches in the north of Russia is an important part of preserving the cultural heritage. State legislation regulates this activity. The subjects of this process pay attention to Russian laws, leaving international norms behind. Simultaneously, the international principles of preservation of historical wooden buildings ratified by Russia determine the areas of activity and offer criteria for evaluating decisions at different stages of activity. The regulatory document lacks a clear structuring of principles. The analysis and systematization of principles regarding wooden architecture, as more vulnerable objects, are presented in the article. The principles are developed taking into account various conservation processes: before, during restoration and after restoration. The article focuses on after restoration activities, as an important component of the conservation process, which should be developed at the design stage. An analysis of compliance with the principles and solutions of conservation issues is considered on the example of the Church of Transfiguration of the Lord in Kizhi. Its restoration is supervised by international experts from ICOMOS UNESCO and the rigorous implementation of international principles and recommendations.

scholarly journals Possible New Solstitial Sightline in the Stonehenge Landscape

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Ruggles ◽  
Amanda Chadburn ◽  
Matt Leivers ◽  
Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
The North ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
New Discovery ◽  
Neolithic Monuments

The landscape around Stonehenge contains a number of major Early Neolithic monuments dating to the fourth millennium BC, including the Stonehenge Cursus, the Lesser Cursus, Robin Hood’s Ball causewayed enclosure and several long barrows. A previously unsuspected Early Neolithic causewayed enclosure whose northeast rim was uncovered in 2016 on the slopes of Lark Hill, just to the north of the World Heritage Site boundary, represented a major new discovery. About a millennium after the construction of the Lark Hill Enclosure, a line of at least six timber posts was erected crossing from the interior to the exterior of the old enclosure, just to one side of a wide entrance. The line is slightly curved but the last three posts in the line face directly out towards the position of June solstice sunrise. While several short and longer rows of posts are now known to have been built in this vicinity both during the Later Neolithic and at later times, there are several reasons for believing this solstitial alignment to have been intentional and meaningful. It may even have represented the “monumentalisation” of an earlier broadly solstitial alignment of natural features, as has been suggested at Stonehenge itself.

Assessing the macro and micro elements of the Akbarieh World Heritage Garden using participant observer method in a continuous/stop-motion

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad ◽  
Dak Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Macro Elements ◽  
The World ◽  
Stop Motion ◽  
Participant Observer ◽  
Micro Elements ◽  
Motion Method

PurposeThis study aims to assess each of the seven segments of the Akbarieh Garden as the World Heritage Cultural Landscape. First, we wanted to identify the macro elements that dominated one's perception within each area. Then, we wanted to identify the micro elements that support the vista in its entirety.Design/methodology/approachTo acquire data, we used a Participant Observer (PO) method as part of a Continuous/Stop-Motion (CSM) procedure. The identification of macro elements came from retrospective recollections derived from the continuous walk method—the stop-walk method allowed for the identification of micro elements. The data gained from this method is then used to understand how one interprets and responds to large—multi-segmented sites such as the Akbarieh Garden.FindingsThe results of this study show the Continuous/Stop-Motion method yielded predictable results with macro elements and elements of interest being easily recalled. However, the use of photographing for the stop-walk method revealed a similar focus on the macro element. We had hypothesized that the micro elements would be the elements of fascination and discovered when the person remained in the area to photograph scenes of interest. However, the PO photographed the macro elements. It wasn't until the post photo analysis that the PO identified some of the micro elements would be the elements of fascination and discovered when the person remained in the area to photograph scenes of interest. However, the PO photographed the macro elements. It wasn't until the post photo analysis that the PO identified some of the micro elements. The post photo discoveries suggest that real-time experience of micro elements is undervalued.Originality/valueThere is no general discussion on this topic yet amongst professionals. The initiative of the Participant Observer (PO) method as a tool for perception the historic gardens and landscapes identified that gap and its related necessity to provide guidance. As is true for exploratory studies, these results provide a foundation for further study. The use of the Continuous/Stop-Motion method was ideal for this study.

scholarly journals Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth. Evidence for Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorin Nicolae Borlea ◽  
Codruta Mare ◽  
Monica Violeta Achim ◽  
Adriana Puscas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Financial Indicator ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract The results of extensive studies that analyzed the existence and meaning of correlations between the economic growth and the financial market development lead us to a more thorough study of these correlations. Therefore, we performed a broad study of the developing countries from around the world (the developing part of each region constructed by the World Bank through its Statistics Bureau). The regions taken into analysis were: Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, the Arab world, Latin America & and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. For comparison purposes, we have also included in the sample the North American countries, the Euro Area and the European Union as a whole, because these last three areas are the main benchmarks of the financial markets. The results are consistent with those from previous studies on the subject and vary depending on region and financial indicator considered.

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