scholarly journals ON THE CHALLENGES IN STEREOGRAMMETRIC FUSION OF SAR AND OPTICAL IMAGERY FOR URBAN AREAS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B7 ◽  
pp. 719-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schmitt ◽  
X. X. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Rapid Mapping ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Urban Topography ◽  
Optical Imagery ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

This paper discusses the challenges arising if SAR and optical imagery shall be fused for stereogrammetric 3D analysis of urban areas. In this context, a concept for SAR and optical data fusion is presented, which is meant to enable the reconstruction of urban topography independent of the type of the available data. This fusion is modelled in a voxelized object space, from which 3D hypotheses are projected into the available datasets. Among those hypotheses then the one showing the greatest SAR-optical similarity is chosen to be the reconstructed 3D point. Within first experiments, it is shown that the determination of similarity between high-resolution SAR and optical images is the major challenge within the framework of the proposed concept. After this challenge has been solved, the proposed method is expected to allow 3D reconstruction of urban areas from SAR-optical stereogrammetry for the first time. It is expected to be beneficial, e.g., for rapid mapping tasks in disaster situations where optical images may be available from geodata archives, but instantaneous data can only be provided by daylight- and weather-independent SAR sensors.

scholarly journals ON THE CHALLENGES IN STEREOGRAMMETRIC FUSION OF SAR AND OPTICAL IMAGERY FOR URBAN AREAS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B7 ◽  
pp. 719-722
Author(s):  
M. Schmitt ◽  
X. X. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Rapid Mapping ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Urban Topography ◽  
Optical Imagery ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

This paper discusses the challenges arising if SAR and optical imagery shall be fused for stereogrammetric 3D analysis of urban areas. In this context, a concept for SAR and optical data fusion is presented, which is meant to enable the reconstruction of urban topography independent of the type of the available data. This fusion is modelled in a voxelized object space, from which 3D hypotheses are projected into the available datasets. Among those hypotheses then the one showing the greatest SAR-optical similarity is chosen to be the reconstructed 3D point. Within first experiments, it is shown that the determination of similarity between high-resolution SAR and optical images is the major challenge within the framework of the proposed concept. After this challenge has been solved, the proposed method is expected to allow 3D reconstruction of urban areas from SAR-optical stereogrammetry for the first time. It is expected to be beneficial, e.g., for rapid mapping tasks in disaster situations where optical images may be available from geodata archives, but instantaneous data can only be provided by daylight- and weather-independent SAR sensors.

REGIONAL INEQUALITIES OF CHILDREN DISABILITY INCIDENCE IN LITHUANIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Juozas Raistenskis ◽  
Zdislav Skvarciany ◽  
Romualdas Gurevičius
Keyword(s):  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Direct Standardization

Declining birth rates, increasing number of diseases and injuries among children, socio-economical change in the situation of the country, as well as other social, health - and economics-related factors are the main reasons for greater interest of scientists in research on the social and health disparities in the counties (municipalities and districts). This paper analyzes the inequalities in first-time recognized children’s disability in counties of Lithuania during the period of 2007-2011. Aim of the study. To analyze incidences of the firsttime recognized children’s disability in Lithuania from 2007 to 2011 and to compare the parameters of the first-time recognized children’s disability incidence in 10 counties, taking into account variability of disability incidence inside the counties. Methods. The study used the data on the initial determination of disability in children, taken from Disability and Working Capacity Assessment Office under the Ministry of Social Security and Labor from 2007-2011. For the usage of further statistical index, the information on the number of citizens was taken from the database of Department of Statistics of the Republic of Lithuania. The indicators were age-standardized using the direct standardization method and the statistical program “WinPepi”. For the variation analysis of country’s regional disparities the One-way ANOVA test was applied. Results. During the analyzed period (2007-2011) in Lithuania some form of disability was found in 10649 children under the age of 18, of whom 6,219 - boys (58,0 percent) and 4,430 - girls (42,0 percent). The largest newly-recognized children’s disability averages in 2007-2011 were found in the region of Šiauliai (43,68 ± 1,70), Panevėžys county (41,55 ± 1,96) and Utena county (41,53 ± 6,27). In boys’ group - Šiauliai county (51,64 ± 1,53), Telšiai county (47,72 ± 10,61), Utena county (46,69 ± 7,83) and Panevėžys county (45,61 ± 2,59). In girls’ group - Panevėžys (37,14 ± 2,31 ), Šiauliai (35,33 ± 2,47), and Utena (36,16 ± 5,11) c o unties. In both girls’ and boys’ groups statistically significant differences (p0.05) in newly recognized children’s disability incidence in the country’s counties were found. Conclusions. The conducted variation analysis of children’s disability at t h e age of 0-17 y.o. in the period of 2007-2011 throughout the country’s counties, revealed inequalities among the counties. The biggest differences in newly determined disability in children in comparison with other counties of the country were found among Šiauliai, Utena, and Panevėžys counties.

scholarly journals Classification of Wolf-Rayet stars in NGC 595 in M 33 through high-spatial resolution observations

2003 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 572-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Royer ◽  
Ingemar Lundström ◽  
Jean-Marie Vreux
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Photometric Technique ◽  
H Ii Region ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Rayet Star

NGC 595 is, after NGC 604, the second most luminous H ii region in the Milky Way's neighbouring spiral galaxy M 33. Its Wolf-Rayet star content has mainly been unveiled by two different channels. On the one hand, the stellar population of NGC 595 has been resolved and its WR stars identified through online/off-line H ii λ4686 observations realised with the HST. Nevertheless, due to the limited number of filters used, this did not give any information on the WR spectral subtypes. On the other hand, spectroscopic observations of NGC 595, realised at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, have enabled the determination of some spectral subtypes, but this time, the lack of angular resolution did not allow to resolve the whole population. Thanks to our photometric technique, based on five dedicated narrow-band filters, we present here a determination of the spectral subtypes of NGC 595 WR stars which for the first time combines high-angular resolution and high-‘spectroscopic’ discrimination capabilities.

scholarly journals Sentinel-1 InSAR Coherence to Detect Floodwater in Urban Areas: Houston and Hurricane Harvey as A Test Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Chini ◽  
Ramona Pelich ◽  
Luca Pulvirenti ◽  
Nazzareno Pierdicca ◽  
Renaud Hostache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Interferometric Sar ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bare Soils ◽  
The City

This paper presents an automatic algorithm for mapping floods. Its main characteristic is that it can detect not only inundated bare soils, but also floodwater in urban areas. The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations of the flood that hit the city of Houston (Texas) following the landfall of Hurricane Harvey in 2017 are used to apply and validate the algorithm. The latter consists of a two-step approach that first uses the SAR data to identify buildings and then takes advantage of the Interferometric SAR coherence feature to detect the presence of floodwater in urbanized areas. The preliminary detection of buildings is a pre-requisite for focusing the analysis on the most risk-prone areas. Data provided by the Sentinel-1 mission acquired in both Strip Map and Interferometric Wide Swath modes were used, with a geometric resolution of 5 m and 20 m, respectively. Furthermore, the coherence-based algorithm takes full advantage of the Sentinel-1 mission’s six-day repeat cycle, thereby providing an unprecedented possibility to develop an automatic, high-frequency algorithm for detecting floodwater in urban areas. The results for the Houston case study have been qualitatively evaluated through very-high-resolution optical images acquired almost simultaneously with SAR, crowdsourcing points derived by photointerpretation from Digital Globe and Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) inundation model over the area. For the first time the comparison with independent data shows that the proposed approach can map flooded urban areas with high accuracy using SAR data from the Sentinel-1 satellite mission.

scholarly journals The crystallographic and optical properties of iodo-succinimide

1925 ◽  
Vol 108 (747) ◽  
pp. 548-552 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Circular Plates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Usual Process ◽  
Cementing Material ◽  
First Time ◽  
Preceding Communication

During the progress of the X-ray research on this substance by Miss Yardley, the results of which are embodied in the preceding communication, the need for a thorough reinvestigation of the crystallographic and especially the optical properties of the substance, was made very clear. The difficulty as regards the optical constants was that of preparing the properly orientated and absolutely truly plane-surfaced section-plates and 60°-prisms of this relatively soft and fragile substance, and after many attempts of a really heroic nature Miss Yardley appealed to the author, who was only too pleased to bring into service his cutting-and-grinding goniometer, with which the necessary plates and prisms were successfully prepared. The author, however, becoming very interested in the substance, has carried out also a complete goniometrical remeasurement, in the light of the new and correct setting which Miss Yardley has indicated, and a determination of the density of the crystals, so that with the optical data, now given for the first time, a revised and much more complete crystallographic description is herewith given. It agrees in every respect with the conclusions of Miss Yardley, as described in the immediately preceding communication. The only real difficulty met with, which renders the substance unusual to deal with, is the fact that no cementing material has been found which is without action on iodo-succinimide. For instance, Canada balsam and its solution in benzene (a hydrocarbon which, very fortunately, does not act on iodo-succinimide) or turpentine at once turn deep brown to black when used to cement section-plates to cover-glasses or to the little circular plates of parallel glass which the author uses in the preparation of the second surface. So that, after the first surface of a section-plate has been ground, the crystal being held as usual on the crystal holder by opticians’ hard wax, any action not mattering much here, the usual process—of cementing the crystal by this first surface on to one of the little glass discs, fitting the latter into the receptacle for it in the parallel-plate, preparing fitting of the cutting-and-grinding goniometer, and grinding the second surface without further trouble and thus making a plate as thin as may be desired—cannot be employed with iodo-succinimide. To prepare the second surface the crystal must be reset goniometrically, while held in a grip-holder instead of the usual holder carrying opticians’ wax, and then ground and polished with great care to avoid slipping in the gripper. As the substance is soft and friable this is rather a nuisance, especially, moreover, as it was desirable to be able to obtain section-plates of considerable tenuity for the purposes of Laue photographic X-ray analysis, as well as very thick ones for the study of possible optical activity. Happily, however, all these unusual difficulties were eventually overcome, and the desired results obtained.

Determination of the unequal fate of cotyledons of a one-leaf plant, Monophyllaea

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (7) ◽  
pp. 1275-1280
Author(s):  
H. Tsukaya
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Leaf Phenotype ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

One-leaf plants, belonging to the family Gesneriaceae, were described for the first time more than 150 years ago. One such unusual plant, Monophyllaea, has only one leaf at maturity. Only one of the two cotyledons grows continuously, without the formation of true leaves, and this feature, known as anisocotyledonous development, has been repeatedly mentioned in textbooks of plant morphology. However, the mechanism for the determination of the one-leaf phenotype remains to be ascertained. In this study, meristematic regions were identified, by monitoring DNA synthesis, at the base of both cotyledons just after germination, while no such regions were found in the shoot apex. Surgical experiments with seedlings and analysis of the anisocotyledonous development revealed that the fate of the cotyledons is determined during their growth. Anisocotyledonous development seems to be the result of competition between the two cotyledons. The mechanism that governs the development of the shoot in the genus Monophyllaea is discussed in relation to apical dominance, which is the common mechanism that regulates shoot development in many plants.

scholarly journals Ways of religious-moral self-determination of the people and peculiarities in the "word about the Law and Grace" of Hilarion

2004 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
O.V. Marchenko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Cultural Self ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

The globalization changes that are taking place in the modern world, on the one hand, actualize the desire to erase all sorts of borders, and on the other - the passionate desire to preserve at the same time their ethno-cultural and personal identity, which, of course, implies the elucidation of national and cultural identity. people, the peculiarities of his mentality, which is most clearly expressed in philosophical thought. Strengthening the process of political and cultural self-identification of Ukraine, the awareness of our culture as an organic component of world-wide forms of cultural life, makes it urgent to address its origins, in particular, the spiritual culture of Kievan Rus, where for the first time the issues of self-determination of the people and personality in the context of attaching to Christianity were raised.

Rapid mapping of landslides by Deep-Learning of combined optical and SAR data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Nava ◽  
Filippo Catani ◽  
Oriol Monserrat
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Rapid Mapping ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Comparable Accuracy ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Short Time

<div> <p><span>In the world, various natural calamities, like earthquakes and massive rainfalls sometimes combined with windstorms, can trigger multiple landslide events that can occur in groups of hundreds to thousands in a region, over a short time span. Therefore, there is a growing need to be able to intervene quickly to accurately map the impacted areas. To this end, VHR optical images ensure best performances in terms of spatial accuracy but, for rapid mapping, they present limitations due to the possible presence of cloud cover as, often, the first cloudless image is available with an unacceptable time delay, see, e.g., the cases of strong earthquakes of Chile 2017, Nepal 2015 and Ecuador 2016. A possible solution may stand in the combined exploitation of optical and SAR data. In this study, deep-learning convolution neural networks (CNNs) techniques have been used to compare and combine the mapping and classification performances of optical images (from Sentinel-2) and SAR images (from Sentinel-1). The training and test zones used to independently evaluate the performance of CNNs on different datasets are located in the eastern Iburi subprefecture in Hokkaido, where, at 03.08 local time (JST) on September 6, 2018, a Mw 6.6 earthquake triggered about 7837 coseismic landslides. We analyzed the conditions before and after the earthquake exploiting SAR and optical data by means of a series of CNNs implemented in Python that point out the locations where the <em>Landslide</em> class is predicted as more likely. As expected, the CNN run on optical images proved itself excellent for the landslide detection task, achieving an overall accuracy of 98.48% while a CNN based on the combination of ground range detected (GRD) data (SAR) achieved an overall accuracy of 95.54%. Despite this, the integrated use of SAR data allows for a rapid mapping even during storms and under cloud cover and seems to provide a comparable accuracy than optical change detection. We believe that, in the near future, such classification accuracy might even increase with the availability of new, VHR SAR products, such as the 50 cm x 50 cm resolution imagery from the Capella-2 satellite.</span></p> </div>

Combined analysis of polarimetric SAR data and optical imagery for rapid landslide mapping in vegetated areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Plank ◽  
Sandro Martinis
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Polarimetric Sar ◽  
Rapid Mapping ◽  
Landslide Event ◽  
Landslide Mapping ◽  
Optical Imagery ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Sar Imagery

<p>Rapid mapping of the extent of the affected area as well as type and grade of damage after a landslide event is crucial to enable fast crisis response, i.e., to support rescue and humanitarian operations. Change detection between pre- and post-event very high resolution (VHR) optical imagery is the state-of-the-art in operational rapid mapping of landslides. However, the suitability of optical data relies on clear sky conditions, which is not often the case after landslides events, as heavy rain is one of the most frequent triggers of landslides. In contrast to this, the acquisition of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is independent of atmospheric conditions. SAR data-based landslide detection approaches reported in the literature use change detection techniques, requiring VHR SAR imagery acquired shortly before the landslide event, which is commonly not available. Modern VHR SAR missions, e.g., Radarsat-2, TerraSAR-X, or COSMO-SkyMed, do not systematically cover the entire world, due to limitations in onboard disk space and downlink transmission rates. Here, we present a fast and transferable procedure for mapping of landslides in vegetated areas, based on change detection between pre-event optical imagery and the polarimetric entropy derived from post-event VHR polarimetric SAR data. Pre-event information is derived from high resolution optical imagery of Landsat-8 or Sentinel-2, which are freely available and systematically acquired over the entire Earth’s landmass. The landslide mapping is refined by slope information from a digital elevation model generated from bi-static TanDEM-X imagery. The methodology was successfully applied to two landslide events of different characteristics: A rotational slide near Charleston, West Virginia, USA and a mining waste earthflow near Bolshaya Talda, Russia.</p>

Direct phase determination in electron crystallography: small organic molecules

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1166-1167
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Dorset
Keyword(s):  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Intensity Data ◽  
Electron Crystallography ◽  
Phase Determination ◽  
Measured Intensity ◽  
3D Data

The quantitative use of electron diffraction intensity data for the determination of crystal structures represents the pioneering achievement in the electron crystallography of organic molecules, an effort largely begun by B. K. Vainshtein and his co-workers. However, despite numerous representative structure analyses yielding results consistent with X-ray determination, this entire effort was viewed with considerable mistrust by many crystallographers. This was no doubt due to the rather high crystallographic R-factors reported for some structures and, more importantly, the failure to convince many skeptics that the measured intensity data were adequate for ab initio structure determinations.We have recently demonstrated the utility of these data sets for structure analyses by direct phase determination based on the probabilistic estimate of three- and four-phase structure invariant sums. Examples include the structure of diketopiperazine using Vainshtein's 3D data, a similar 3D analysis of the room temperature structure of thiourea, and a zonal determination of the urea structure, the latter also based on data collected by the Moscow group.

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