scholarly journals Using cellular automata to simulate wildfire propagation and to assist in fire prevention and fighting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana G. Freire ◽  
Carlos C. DaCamara
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Local Propagation ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
Propagation Rule ◽  
In Fire

Abstract. Cellular Automata have been successfully applied to simulate the propagation of wildfires with the aim of assisting fire managers in defining fire suppression tactics and in designing fire risk management policies. We present a Cellular Automata designed to simulate a severe wildfire episode that took place in Algarve (southern Portugal) in July 2012. During the episode almost 25 thousand hectares burned and there was an explosive stage between 25 and 33 h after the onset. Results obtained show that the explosive stage is adequately modeled when introducing a non-local propagation rule where fire is allowed to spread to the nearest and next nearest cells depending on wind speed. When the rule is introduced deviations in modeled time of burning from estimated time based on hotspots detected from satellite have a root mean square difference of 8.7 hours for a simulation period of 46 h (less than 20 %). The simulated pattern of probabilities of burning as estimated from an ensemble of 100 simulations show a marked decrease out of the limits of the observed scar, indicating that the model represents an added value for fire fighting in what respects to the choice of locations to allocate resources for fire combat.

scholarly journals Using cellular automata to simulate wildfire propagation and to assist in fire management

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Gouveia Freire ◽  
Carlos Castro DaCamara
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
Propagation Rule ◽  
In Fire

Abstract. Cellular automata have been successfully applied to simulate the propagation of wildfires with the aim of assisting fire managers in defining fire suppression tactics and in planning fire risk management policies. We present a cellular automaton designed to simulate a severe wildfire episode that took place in Algarve (southern Portugal) in July 2012. During the episode almost 25 000 ha burned and there was an explosive stage between 25 and 33 h after the onset. Results obtained show that the explosive stage is adequately modeled when introducing a wind propagation rule in which fire is allowed to spread to nonadjacent cells depending on wind speed. When this rule is introduced, deviations in modeled time of burning (from estimated time based on hot spots detected from satellite) have a root-mean-square difference of 7.1 for a simulation period of 46 h (i.e., less than 20 %). The simulated pattern of probabilities of burning as estimated from an ensemble of 100 simulations shows a marked decrease out of the limits of the observed scar, indicating that the model represents an added value to help decide locations of where to allocate resources for fire fighting.

scholarly journals Valutazione del rischio di incendi boschivi a livello locale: una proposta metodologica | Fire risk assessment on a local scale: a methodological approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 331-337
Author(s):  
Marco Conedera ◽  
Patrick Roth ◽  
Gabriele Corti ◽  
Daniele Ryser
Keyword(s):  
Fire Management ◽  
Landscape Planning ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Fire Control ◽  
Fire Risk Analysis ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
In Fire

Fire-services are often unable to obtain a rapid overview of problems connected with wildfire fighting. In the last few decades the ideology for fire fighting has shifted from fire control(basically fire suppression) to fire management (including prevention,planning, and simulating). As a result, fire management is now included in landscape planning processes. The preliminary step in fire management is fire risk analysis, which takes into account fire hazard (probability and expected severity of a fire) and the outcome (total impact on the affected environment). In this contribution we present an approach for assessing fire risk on local levels in southern Switzerland.

scholarly journals Fire load survey in multi-storey wholesale premise – a case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Nurud S. S. ◽  
Abdullah I. ◽  
Saari M ◽  
NorMariah A. ◽  
Rafee B
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Design Fire ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Combustible Materials

A combustible material is one of fire hazard where the amount of combustible materials or fire load could affect the heat release and fire severity in enclosure. The fire severity in the context of fire load is related to intensity and duration of fire in enclosure. Fire load survey is conducted in this study to estimate the amount of combustible materials in wholesale premise since it become threat to life safety and property loss. The determinations of fire load in 3-storey wholesale premise in Kuantan city is conducted by using combination fire load survey method; weighing and inventory method. Result from fire load survey can help to determine the sufficient requirements of fire suppression in premise as well as fire fighters intervention strategy. An extension of this study, the data could be used as an important input to design fire for deterministic analysis in fire risk assessment to quantify the level of fire risk towards life, property and environment.

scholarly journals Drone Swarms in Fire Suppression Activities: A Conceptual Framework

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Elena Ausonio ◽  
Patrizia Bagnerini ◽  
Marco Ghio
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Scrub ◽  
In Fire

The recent huge technological development of unmanned aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can provide breakthrough means of fighting wildland fires. We propose an innovative forest firefighting system based on the use of a swarm of hundreds of UAVs able to generate a continuous flow of extinguishing liquid on the fire front, simulating the effect of rain. Automatic battery replacement and extinguishing liquid refill ensure the continuity of the action. We illustrate the validity of the approach in Mediterranean scrub first computing the critical water flow rate according to the main factors involved in the evolution of a fire, then estimating the number of linear meters of active fire front that can be extinguished depending on the number of drones available and the amount of extinguishing fluid carried. A fire propagation cellular automata model is also employed to study the evolution of the fire. Simulation results suggest that the proposed system can provide the flow of water required to fight low-intensity and limited extent fires or to support current forest firefighting techniques.

The Human Reliability Analysis in Fire PSA Using Spar-H Method

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Human Reliability ◽  
Human Reliability Analysis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
In Fire

According to existing research results, fire risk makes a significant contribution to the total risk of a nuclear power plant (NPP). So fire probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) for NPPs is becoming more and more important in recent years. How to perform human reliability analysis (HRA) which is an essential part of PSA is therefore being paid more and more attention in fire PSA. This paper describes the characteristics and special considerations of HRA in fire PSA, and demonstrates in fire PSA how to use SPAR-H method which is so-called an advanced second-generation HRA method and is being widely used in PSA for Chinese NPPs. The study results can be a reference for other HRA analysts to use SPAR-H method in fire PSA models or other PSA models in Chinese NPPs or the world-wide nuclear industry.

scholarly journals Risk Perception and Knowledge in Fire Risk Reduction in a Dong Minority Rural Village in China: A Health-EDRM Education Intervention Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Ying Yang Chan ◽  
Holly Ching Yu Lam ◽  
Phoebe Pui Wun Chung ◽  
Zhe Huang ◽  
Tony Ka Chun Yung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Education Intervention ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
In Fire

scholarly journals Extreme Wildfire occurrence in response to Global Change type Droughts in the Northern Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Ruffault ◽  
Thomas Curt ◽  
Nicolas K. Martin St-Paul ◽  
Vincent Moron ◽  
Ricardo M. Trigo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Wildfire Occurrence ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Mediterranean France

Abstract. Increasing drought conditions under global warming are expected to alter the frequency and distribution of large, high intensity wildfires. Yet, little is known regarding how it will affect fire weather and translate into wildfire behaviour. Here, we analysed the climatology of extreme wildfires that occurred during the exceptionally dry summers of 2003 and 2016 in Mediterranean France. We identified two distinct shifts in fire climatology towards fire weather spaces that had not been explored before, and which result from specific interactions between the types of drought and the types of fire. In 2016, a long-lasting press drought intensified wind-driven fires. In 2003, a hot drought combining a heatwave with a press drought intensified heat-driven fires. Our findings highlight that increasing drought conditions projected by climate change scenarios might affect the dryness of fuel compartments and create several new generations of wildfire overwhelming fire suppression capacities.

scholarly journals Gestión activa frente a matorralización: buscando el equilibrio entre conservación y explotación en montaña

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
T. Lasanta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Shrub Clearing ◽  
In Fire

The mountains of Europe, especially in the Mediterranean, have undergone a significant process of revegetation since the mid-20th century with the spread of shrublands and forests in succession stages. This leads to negative effects (degradation of pasture, accumulation of biomass with the subsequent increase in fire risk, loss or trivialized of cultural landscapes, etc.) and other positive ones (greater rewilding of landscapes, recovery of forest life, more CO2 fixation, less soil erosion, etc.). Thus, two alternatives must be put forward: either allow the rewilding process to continue, or intervene in the region to reduce the negative effects of revegetation.In this paper, the literature forms the base for a discussion on the main interventions in the territory: extensive livestock grazing, combined with prescribed fires and shrub clearing. Prescribed fires are found to be insufficient to control the spread of shrublands, and in some cases promotes its regrowth (Echinospartum horridum), as well as degrading the pasture land and increasing soil erosion. On the other hand, clearing shrubland has positive effects: a reduction in wildfires, increased livestock numbers, and improved indicators of heterogeneity and fragmentation of the landscape.

Application of Clean Agents in Fire Suppression Systems: An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 315-330
Author(s):  
Abdul Shukor Jum’azulhisham ◽  
Abdul Razak Muhammad Al-Hapis ◽  
Hassan Azmi ◽  
Jamian Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Suppression Systems
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