scholarly journals Female infanticide and female-directed lethal targeted aggression in a group of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klara Kittler ◽  
Silvio Dietzel
Keyword(s):  
Lemur Catta ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Reproductive Competition ◽  
Birth Season ◽  
Female Infanticide ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Captive Group ◽  
Lethal Aggression ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Special Case

Abstract. We report on extremely rare events of lethal aggression in a semi-captive group of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) during the birth season 2014. This aggression was targeted against the two highest-ranking females. It led to their eviction from the group and following a final aggressive interaction four days later to their deaths caused by almost all the females and probably even two males of their former group. These events of targeted aggression erupted initially following an infanticide by the highest-ranking female directed at the offspring of a subordinate. Even for ring-tailed lemurs this is a very special case of changeover of power between two different matrilines in a group. In accordance with other studies we suggest that these events of targeted aggression were based on the growing group size and were acts of female reproductive competition during birth season. With the intensity of the events we add new aspects to the existing knowledge of aggressive interactions in ring-tailed lemurs.

Nonwovens: Global Trends in World Economy, European Foreign Trade, and Selected Case Studies from Poland and Asian Brics Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Wysokińska ◽  
Tomasz Czajkowski ◽  
Katarzyna Grabowska
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
World Economy ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Special Case

AbstractNonwovens are one of the most versatile textile materials and have become increasingly popular in almost all sectors of the economy due to their low manufacturing costs and unique properties. In the next few years, the world market of nonwovens is predicted to grow by 7%–8% annually (International Nonwovens & Disposables Association [INDA], European Disposables and Nonwovens Association [EDANA], and Markets and Markets). This article aims to analyze the most recent trends in the global export and import of nonwovens, to present two case studies of Polish companies that produce them, and to present one special case study of the market of nonwoven geotextiles in China and India, which are the Asian transition economies among the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).

scholarly journals Performance, but not size, of hindleg weaponry is sexually dimorphic in the giant mesquite bug (Thasus neocalifornicus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zackary A. Graham ◽  
Nicole Kaiser ◽  
Alexandre V. Palaoro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms

ABSTRACTIn many species, males possess specialized weaponry that have evolved to confer a benefit during aggressive interactions. Because male weaponry is typically an exaggerated or extreme version of pre-existing body parts, females often possess reduced or weaponry. Although much research has investigated sexual dimorphism in the sizes of such weapons, other weapon components, such as weapon performance or alternative weapon forms can also explain the evolution of weapon sexual dimorphisms. Here, we investigated the allometry and variation of multiple weapon components of hindleg weaponry in the male and female giant mesquite bugs, Thasus necalifornicus. Despite theory predicating greater allocation in male weaponry, we found that females allocated more into the lengths of their hindlegs compared to males. Despite this allocation, males possess relatively wider hindlegs, which likely increase area of muscle mass. Indeed, the squeezing performance of male hindlegs was much greater than that of female hindlegs. Lastly, we also described the allometry and variation in a male weapon component, prominent tibial spines, which likely are used to damage competitors during aggressive interaction. Overall, our findings highlight the intricacies of weapon sexual dimorphism and demonstrate the importance of measuring multiple weapon components and not a single measure.

7 Behavioral Indicators of Post-weaning Stress Susceptibility in Cross-fostered Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Dominique M Sommer ◽  
Jennifer M Young ◽  
Christopher J Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
The Social ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Social Confrontation ◽  
Cross Fostering

Abstract Cross-fostering is a common swine husbandry practice; however, little research has focused on the effects of foster stress on piglets post-weaning. This study evaluated the effect of cross-fostering on behavioral indicators of post-weaning stress susceptibility. Litters (n = 40) were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: control (CON) and foster. Three piglets (FOS) from each CON litter were randomly selected and moved to a foster litter 12–24 h post-farrowing, where they were nursed along resident (RES) piglets until weaning (approximately 18 d of age). At 21- and 28-d post-weaning, a male and female piglet from each treatment (FOS, RES, CON) underwent 1 of 2 behavior tests: social isolation and social confrontation. Both tests were conducted in an isolated 1.22 × 1.22 m novel pen. For social isolation, escape attempts, movement between floor quadrants (i.e. locomotion), defecation, and urination events were counted. For social confrontation, the latency to first aggressive interaction and the number of aggressive interactions were quantified. All data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. The CON piglets moved between quadrants more frequently than RES piglets (P = 0.02), while FOS piglets moved between quadrants intermediate to (but not different from) CON and RES piglets (P = 0.44 and 0.12, respectively). Females moved between quadrants more frequently than males (P < 0.0001). The latency to first aggressive interaction was shorter in FOS piglets compared to CON piglets (P = 0.048). There was a treatment by sex interaction (P < 0.01) for number of aggressive interactions, with CON and RES females having more aggressive interactions than their male counterparts (P = 0.04 for both) while FOS females had fewer aggressive interactions than FOS males (P = 0.007). No additional differences were detected (all P > 0.05). Overall, these results provide little evidence that FOS piglets exhibit an increase in behavioral stress susceptibility post-weaning. However, future work should expand upon and clarify the social confrontation findings.

Characterization of growth traits of Greenland and Silver coypus under captivity conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. FAVERIN ◽  
C. A. MEZZADRA ◽  
H. M. FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
L. M. MELUCCI
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Von Bertalanffy ◽  
Birth Season ◽  
Myocastor Coypus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Maturation Rate ◽  
Almost All

Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, Richards and von Bertalanffy functions were compared as descriptors of growth in 319 coypus (Myocastor coypus) of Greenland and Silver varieties, from birth to 10–19 months of age. Several criteria were considered for the selection of the model: (a) bias in the asymptotic weight; (b) bias in birth weight; (c) error sum of squares; (d) error mean squares weighted by the number of animals converging in all functions; (e) determination coefficient. To adjust the curves NLIN procedure from SAS and iterative method of Marquardt were applied. A mixed model was used to analyse the parameters of the selected growth curve (asymptotic weight, A; constant of integration, B; and maturation rate, k) which included effects of farm, variety, sex, sire within farm and variety, reproductive status within sex, birth season and first order interactions. The effect of sire was considered as random. The von Bertalanffy function was selected and mean values for the parameters of this function were 8016 g and 0·008 g/g per day, for A and k respectively. There were differences in the estimated parameters between sexes; males had larger values of A and k than females.Weights at fixed ages (birth, weaning, 6–7 months) were analysed, as well as the final recorded weight and average postweaning gain. The model of analysis was similar to the previous one. There were no differences between varieties. Significant differences between sexes for almost all studied traits were detected. With age, weight difference between males and females increased. At 6 months of age, males were 37% heavier than females. Male average daily gain was higher than that of females, sexual dimorphism being evident in all analysed traits.

Alternative Tactics in the Breeding Behaviour of Male Coho Salmon

Behaviour ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 135 (8) ◽  
pp. 1099-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Angela Prince
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Large Male ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Small Section ◽  
Breeding Behaviour ◽  
Breeding Group ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Satellite Males

Abstract1. The movements and breeding behaviour of male coho salmon in Kanaka Creek, British Columbia, Canada, were studied by means of radio-telemetry and detailed observations of males in breeding groups. 2. Males were of three morphological types, large, three year old males (which we term alpha males), small, three year old males (which we term satellite males) and small, two year old 'jack' males (which we term sneak males). All three types of male were common in the population. 3. Males associated with females in breeding groups that included one alpha male and one or more of the two smaller male types. Alpha males dominated in breeding groups. Their movements tended to be restricted to a small section of the spawning stream where they had primary access to redd building females. 4. The majority of aggressive interactions were between resident alpha males and intruding large males, which the resident attempted to drive away. Alpha males would not tolerate another large male nearby and would attack until the intruder left the area. Aggressive interactions between alpha and satellite males or between alpha and sneak males were much less frequent. The alpha males moved from female to female within their section of stream, often returning several times to the same female over the space of a few days. 5. Satellite males adopted positions downstream from a breeding pair. Satellite males were highly mobile within the stream and were observed to join breeding groups at widely spaced locations without significant aggressive interaction with the alpha male. An established satellite male would oppose but not drive away other satellite males attempting to join the breeding group, allowing them to adopt subordinate positions further downstream. The first satellite male in a breeding group would also defend and court the female during periods when the alpha male was absent. 6. Sneak males were most often observed in the spawning redd with the alpha male and female. Sneak males were also found hiding outside the redd early in redd construction, when the cavity of the redd was still shallow, or if the sneak was larger than 30 cm. Sneak males were subject to little aggression from the alpha male or satellite males and displayed the lowest frequency of aggressive interactions of the three types of male. Sneak males would defend their position against other sneak males. Like alpha males, sneak males restricted their movements to a small section of the spawning stream. 7. Overall levels of aggression were lowest in breeding groups consisting of two or three males and much higher in groups consisting of just the alpha male or of four or more males. Intrusion by a large male that challenged the alpha increased the rate of aggressive interaction among all members of the group. 8. Our results suggest three unique breeding tactics among coho males, here termed alpha, satellite and sneak. On the basis of the information currently available, it cannot be determined whether the choice of tactic by a particular male is genetically determined, environmentally determined, or both.

scholarly journals The season for peace: reconciliation in a despotic species (Lemur catta)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Palagi ◽  
Ivan Norscia
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Lemur Catta ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Captive Group ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Right

However despotic a social group may be, managing conflicts of interest is crucial to preserve group living benefits, mainly based on cooperation. In fact, in despotic groups post-conflict management via reconciliation (the first post-conflict reunion between former opponents) can occur, even if at variable levels. In the despotic Lemur catta reconciliation was reported in one out of four captive groups. We used this species as a model to understand what variables influence the occurrence of the reconciliation in despotic groups. We analyzed 2339 PC-MC collected on eight groups (five in the Berenty forest, Madagascar; three hosted at the Pistoia Zoo, Italy). Since Lemur catta is characterized by rigid female dominance but show female-female coalitionary support, we expected to find reconciliation in the wild, other than in captivity. Consistently, we found the phenomenon to be present in one captive group and two wild groups, thus providing the first evidence of the presence of reconciliation in wild Lemur catta. Being this species a seasonal breeder (with mating occurring once a year), we expected that the season more than other variables (wild/captivity setting, rank, or individual features) would influence reconciliation levels. Via GLMM we found that the season was indeed the only variable significantly explaining reconciliation rates, lowest during mating and highest during the pregnancy period. We posit that reconciliation can be present in despotic species but not when the advantages of intra-group cooperation are annihilated by competition, as it occurs in seasonal breeders when reproduction is at stake. By comparing our results with literature, we conclude that in despotic social groups in which coalitions are observed, the right question is not if but when reconciliation can be present.

A General Theory for Analysis of Catch and Effort Data

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Schnute
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Model Identification ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Mathematical Proofs ◽  
Structured Population ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Special Case

This paper presents a general theory for analysis of catch and effort data from a fishery. Almost all previous methods are shown to be special cases, including those of Schaefer, Pella and Tomlinson, Schnute, and Deriso, as well as the stock reduction analysis technique of Kimura and Tagart and Kimura, Balsiger, and Ito. Like that of Deriso, the theory here is based on natural equations for an age structured population. However, instead of a fixed single model, this paper gives a general model that can be tailored to any particular fishery. The problem of determining the appropriate special case is conceptually identical to the model identification problem described by Box and Jenkins in the context of time series analysis, Identification necessarily begins with a suitable class of models. This paper defines such a class, unique to fisheries, complete with mathematical proofs and biological explanations of all important equations.

Territoriality in Lemur Catta Groups during the Birth Season at Berenty, Madagascar

1993 ◽  
pp. 85-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Jolly ◽  
Hantanirina R. Rasamimanana ◽  
Margaret F. Kinnaird ◽  
Timothy G. O’Brien ◽  
Helen M. Crowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lemur Catta ◽  
Birth Season

scholarly journals Influence of Reaction Time in the Emotional Response of a Companion Robot to a Child’s Aggressive Interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yaser Alhaddad ◽  
John-John Cabibihan ◽  
Andrea Bonarini
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Cognitive Disabilities ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe quality of a companion robot’s reaction is important to make it acceptable to the users and to sustain interactions. Furthermore, the robot’s reaction can be used to train socially acceptable behaviors and to develop certain skills in both normally developing children and children with cognitive disabilities. In this study, we investigate the influence of reaction time in the emotional response of a robot when children display aggressive interactions toward it. Different interactions were considered, namely, pickup, shake, drop and throw. The robot produced responses as audible sounds, which were activated at three different reaction times, namely, 0.5 s, 1.0 s, and 1.5 s. The results for one of the tasks that involved shaking the robotic toys produced a significant difference between the timings tested. This could imply that producing a late response to an action (i.e. greater than 1.0 s) could negatively affect the children’s comprehension of the intended message. Furthermore, the response should be comprehensible to provide a clear message to the user. The results imply that the designers of companion robotic toys need to consider an appropriate timing and clear modality for their robots’ responses.

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