scholarly journals Influence of Reaction Time in the Emotional Response of a Companion Robot to a Child’s Aggressive Interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yaser Alhaddad ◽  
John-John Cabibihan ◽  
Andrea Bonarini
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Cognitive Disabilities ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe quality of a companion robot’s reaction is important to make it acceptable to the users and to sustain interactions. Furthermore, the robot’s reaction can be used to train socially acceptable behaviors and to develop certain skills in both normally developing children and children with cognitive disabilities. In this study, we investigate the influence of reaction time in the emotional response of a robot when children display aggressive interactions toward it. Different interactions were considered, namely, pickup, shake, drop and throw. The robot produced responses as audible sounds, which were activated at three different reaction times, namely, 0.5 s, 1.0 s, and 1.5 s. The results for one of the tasks that involved shaking the robotic toys produced a significant difference between the timings tested. This could imply that producing a late response to an action (i.e. greater than 1.0 s) could negatively affect the children’s comprehension of the intended message. Furthermore, the response should be comprehensible to provide a clear message to the user. The results imply that the designers of companion robotic toys need to consider an appropriate timing and clear modality for their robots’ responses.

Effects of Oxypertine and Chlordiazepoxide on Human Motor Co-Ordination

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Berry ◽  
D J Grubb
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Placebo Response ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Healthy Male Volunteers ◽  
Pursuit Rotor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Significant Motor

The performance of six normal healthy male volunteers in three simple co-ordination tests has been used to assess the effects of three doses of oxypertine and one dose of chlordiazepoxide. In the first part of the study, single doses of oxpyertine ( 10 and 20 mg) and chlordiazepoxide 10 mg were compared, in the second part of the study, two doses of oxypertine 5 and 10 mg given four hours apart were compared. The tests employed were—braking reaction time in a motor car simulator, spatial co-ordination and pursuit rotor performance. In the first part of the study, oxypertine ( 10 and 20 mg) produced initial improvements in performance in the braking test, followed by deterioration. Performance four hours after 10 mg of oxypertine was normal when compared with the placebo response. Chlordiazepoxide 10 mg produced a deterioration in performance. Statistical analysis of the braking reaction times revealed large subject to subject variations, and in only one case was a statistically significant difference between treatments demonstrated. The second part of the study failed to confirm the improvements in performance noted in the earlier study. No statistically significant changes in performance were detected following the first capsules of oxypertine ( 5 or 10 mg). Three and four hours after consuming the second 5 or 10 mg capsule, significant changes in braking performances were recorded at the 1% and 5% levels of significance respectively. Performance in the pursuit rotor test was enhanced following the ingestion of 5 mg of oxypertine, but was depressed after 10 mg of the drug, these observations were not statistically significant. Dose related drowsiness was detected following dosage with oxypertine and although less obvious outwardly in later studies, it was still apparent in the performance scores of the subjects, particularly those who had consumed the higher ( 20 mg) dose of oxypertine. The braking reaction time experiments suggest that dosage with oxypertine at a frequency of 10 mg every four hours or less, may result in an accumulation of drug and lead to significant motor inco-ordination. It seems unlikely that prolonged dosage with the 5 mg dose of oxypertine will lead to accumulation of the drug.

The influence of a barrier on the behaviour and growth of early-weaned piglets

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Waran ◽  
D. M. Broom
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Large White ◽  
Escape Route ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractWhen designing environments for animals, the quality of space as well as the amount of space should be considered. In this study the influence of an opaque barrier on the aggressive behaviour and growth of Large White Χ Landrace piglets that were weaned at 24 days was examined. The behaviour and weight gain of 120 piglets were recorded during a 4-week period following weaning. These piglets were housed in either a conventional flat-deck pen or a straw pen, with or without an opaque barrier. There was no significant difference between the two types of accommodation in the frequency of aggressive interactions that occurred during the weaning period but where a barrier was present the frequency of aggressive interactions was 40% lower during the 1st week after weaning and growth rate was proportionately 0·15 greater. Piglets that were the recipients of most aggressive behaviour used the barrier most frequently during the weaning period and barrier users gained the most weight during the week immediately following weaning.It was concluded that a barrier improved the weaning environment because it offered piglets an escape route during the period when most aggressive interactions occurred. A barrier may be an effective way of improving the welfare of animals housed in confined conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Handedness and Footedness on Some Motoric Characteristics in Amateur Soccer Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Deniz Özge Yüceloğlu Keskin ◽  
Osman İmamoğlu ◽  
Menderes Kabadayı
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Time Asymmetry ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hands And Feet

The present study aims to compare the strength of right and left legs and reaction times of soccer players depending on their hand and foot preferences. The study included 92 volunteers chosen from amateur soccer players. The measurements conducted on the subjects were anthropometric characteristics, foot reaction times (sound, light) and right and left foot squat parameters. The t-test was used for statistical procedures. Among the amateur soccer players who participated in this study, it was found that 19.57% used left hand and 67.39% used right hand as preferred. Soccer players using both hands equally were found with a rate of 13.4%. In terms of foot preference, it was found that 22.83% of the participants used left foot and 43.48% of the participants used right foot as preferred. The soccer players using both feet equally was found as 33.70%. No significant difference was found between right handers and left handers in reaction time measurements when the soccer players were grouped by hand preference. When compared with left footed players (0.29 sec), only the right foot sound reaction time of right footed players was significantly shorter (0.21 sec) at p<. 05 level. Statistically significant correlation was found between soccer players’ hand and foot preference at a level of p< 0.01. Left footed players had significantly higher left leg mean squat (37.19 kg) when compared with right footed players (32.27 kg). No significant difference was found between right footed (35.36 kg) and left footed (33.98) subjects in terms of mean of right leg squat. Conclusion: According to the hand preference, the proportion of those who use equally two feet increased. Reaction times and force's squat of the dominant hands and feet were better. Training programs for soccer players planned according to individual characteristics including footedness may result in performance increase and decrease in injury as a result of reduced strength and reaction time asymmetry between legs and arms.

Simple Auditory Reaction Time in Blind and Sighted Adolescents

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Age And Sex

This study compared simple auditory reaction times of 20 subjects aged between 11 and 15 yr. ( M = 13), 10 born-blind from the Louis Braille Institut (Montréal) and 10 normal sighted subjects of the same age and sex. Their task was to press a telegraph key as fast as possible after presentation of an auditory stimulus. Each subject executed five blocks of 10 trials; the blocks were separated by a rest period of 1 min. The results showed no significant difference ( p > .05) between born-blind and sighted people of the same sex and chronological age in regard to simple auditory reaction time.

Detection of cognitive impairment by choice auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) s during acute mental stress in young hypertensives: A case control study.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitthal Khode ◽  
Satish Patil ◽  
Girish Babu ◽  
Komal Ruikar ◽  
Sakshi Patel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Control Study

Background: Acute stress is known to be associated with both negative and positive influences on cognitive performance. Hypertension is one of the risk factors for lowered cognitive performance. Mental stress testing is easier to administer and can be regulated by the investigator. Mental arithmetic, using serial subtraction, is the most widely used method to administer stress. Reaction time (RT) is widely used to assess cognitive domains like attention, execution, and psychomotor speed. Researchers have shown that choice reaction times are delayed in hypertension. It is not known whether acute mental stress improves or deteriorates attention, execution, and psychomotor speed in hypertension. We hypothesized in the present study that acute mental stress deteriorates cognitive function in hypertensives without overt cerebro-vascular disease or other vascular risk factors. Method: After getting medical ethical clearance from our institution, this case-control study was carried out over eight months (January 2017 to September 2017). 60 subjects between the age group of 35 to 55 years were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 30 diagnosed cases of hypertension with at least two years of duration. Group 2 consisted of 30 sex and age-matched controls. MMSE was performed to assess the cognitive function in these groups. Simple (S) and choice (C) auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) were measured at rest and acute mental stress in these groups to assess cognitive function. The predictive value of VRTC resting and VRTC during acute mental stress among hypertensives for cognitive dysfunction was calculated by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: There was a significant difference between ART and VRT, both simple and choice in hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects, and these reaction times further increased during mental stress. (P<0.001). VCRT can be a predictor of cognitive dysfunction in hypertensives and during acute mental stress. Conclusion: A significant difference in cognitive functions in hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects exists, and this further deteriorates with acute mental stress.

scholarly journals Changes in the Start Reaction Times in the 200 m Run at the World Championships After the Tightening of False Start Rule

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216
Author(s):  
Peter Mitašík ◽  
Ladislava Doležajová ◽  
Anton Lednický ◽  
Dávid Végh
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
False Start ◽  
Reaction Speed

SummaryReaction time is an important component of the structure of sports performance in sprint disciplines. In our observation, we focused on the men’s and women’s 200 metres discipline at the World Championships (WCH) in two periods. The first in 1999-2009 and the second in 2011-2019. This division was conditioned by the change in the false start rule, which states that any competitor who makes a false start, except in multicontest, will be disqualified (valid since 1st January 2010). This change affected the speed of the sprinter’s reaction. The monitored group were finalists of the 200 m runs at the WCH, a total of 11 events. We used basic mathematical-statistical characteristics and assessed changes in reaction times using parametric paired and parametric unpaired t-test and Wilcoxon test. We compared reaction time in the heats and the finals. We found that at some WCH, worse reaction times were achieved in the finals of both categories compared with the heats. By comparing the reaction speed in the heats with the reaction speed in the men‘s finals, we recorded this statistically significant difference in the first period (p < 0.01) and after tightening the rule at the level of p < 0.10. In the women’s group, this difference was not statistically significant in any period. The percentage of the reaction speed in the final time of the 200 m run was 0.76 – 0.86 % in the men’s group and 0.74 – 0.78 % in the women’s group. The analysis of the results from the WCH in athletics confirmed the importance of reaction speed in the 200 m run.

scholarly journals Reaction time of drivers who caused road traffic accidents

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Predrag Djuric ◽  
Danka Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction. Human factor is the single cause of road traffic injuries in 57%, and together with other factors in more than 90% of all road traffic accidents. Human factor includes many aspects, where reaction time is very important. Material and methods. Thirty healthy drivers 28-40 y.o. with 50-500 km passed per week, having caused at least one road traffic accident in the last ten years were selected, provided they were not under the influence of alcohol and drugs during traffic accident. The same number of control were selected. Both cases and controls were tested to reaction time. Results. We found statistically significant difference between car drivers who caused car accidents and those who did not in both simple and choice reaction times. Discussion. Car drivers who caused road traffic accidents have longer reaction time (both simple and choice reaction time), but as the tasks were more complex, that difference was less visible. Since drivers involved in this study had introductory phase before measuring their reaction times, they faced with unpleasant sound when they made mistake, which forced them to be aware not to make a mistake in further tasks, so they showed longer reaction times. Conclusion. Measuring of reaction time seems to be important, and as we have showed they are different in drivers who have caused road traffic accidents and those who have do not.

Simple Reaction Times for Mentally Retarded and Epileptic Individuals

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine F. Summerford
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Testing Apparatus ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Response Stimulus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aged Subjects ◽  
Educable Mentally Retarded

A comparison was made to determine the effect of epilepsy on simple reaction time among 57 school-aged subjects. The subjects were classified intellectually as average, educable mentally retarded, or trainable mentally retarded, and neurologically as epileptic or nonepileptic. Following an explanation of the testing apparatus, 24 trials per day for five consecutive afternoons were given. The microswitch was depressed after a warning light and a foreperiod activated an audio response stimulus. A significant difference in RT was not found between subjects with epilepsy and those without epilepsy within each intellectual classification.

The Quick Step: A New Test for Measuring Reaction Time and Lateral Stepping Velocity

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen N. White ◽  
Katherine B. Gunter ◽  
Christine M. Snow ◽  
Wilson C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measuring Reaction Time

The Quick Step measures reaction time and lateral stepping velocity. Upon a visual cue, participants step to the side as quickly as possible. Instrumentation includes floor pads with pressure-sensitive switches and two timers. In all, 109 older adults who had experienced a recent fall, 46 older adult nonfallers, and 24 young adults volunteered for testing. Reliability for reaction time and stepping velocity was good to excellent (intraclass correlation = 0.69–0.85). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between groups, p < 0.01, but not between stepping directions, p = 0.62–0.72, for both reaction time and stepping velocity. Reaction times were different among the three groups, p < 0.01, with the young adults having the fastest times and the older adult fallers having the slowest times. Lateral stepping velocity was faster among the young adults than for the two older groups, p < 0.01, but did not differ between the older adults, p = 0.29. It is concluded that the Quick Step is a simple and reliable tool for determining reaction time and lateral stepping velocity, and that this test can be used to detect a significant difference in reaction time between older adult fallers and nonfallers.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Quality of Life and Emotional Responses in Kidney Transplant Recipients from Living and Deceased Donors in Nephrology Clinics

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Esmaeili ◽  
Ziba Farahani Barziabadi ◽  
Mahdi Khabaz Khoob
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Living Donor ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Living Donors ◽  
Kidney Recipients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Deceased Donors

Background: Quality of life (QoL) is one of the essential measures in assessing a patient's status after kidney transplant, and emotional response is an important factor in evaluating the patient’s compatibility with the transplant. Also, emotional response affects a patient’s QoL. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the QoL and emotional responses of kidney recipients from deceased and living donors. Methods: This descriptive comparative study randomly selected 118 kidney transplant patients (67 recipients from living donors and 51 recipients from deceased) referred to the Nephrology Clinic of Tehran University of Medical Sciences for a post-surgery follow-up. The QoL questionnaire for patients with renal transplants introduced by Laupacis et al. and the emotional response questionnaire (ERQ) by Ziegelmann et al. were used in this study. For data analysis, Mann-Whitney, independent t-test, and Pearson’s correlation tests were used. All the analyses were performed using SPSS software version 20. Results: The kidney recipients from living donors had significantly higher QoL score (especially emotionally) compared with kidney recipients from deceased donors (P=0.04). The score of emotional response was higher in recipients from a living donor, which is related to feeling guilty, transplant disclosure. Furthermore, recipients from a living donor felt guiltier and were unwilling to disclose their transplant compared with recipients from deceased donors. Conclusions: Feeling of guilt and being anxious about transplant disclosure were higher in recipients from living donors. A significant difference was observed in the QoL and emotional response between the two groups of kidney recipients. Therefore, it is important to involve the transplant team, specifically nurses, in the identification of emotional response and planning accordingly to improve the patients’ QoL, especially in recipients from a living donor.

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