scholarly journals Urban Slums and Children's Health in Less-Developed Countries

2012 ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Jorgenson ◽  
James Rice
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
National Level ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Per Capita

We utilize first-difference panel regression analysis to assess the direct effect of urban slumprevalence on national level measures of under-5 mortality rates over the period 1990 to 2005.Utilizing data on 80 less developed countries, the results illustrate increasing urban slumprevalence over the period is a robust predictor of increasing child mortality rates. This effectobtains net the statistically significant influence of gross domestic product per capita, fertilityrate, and educational enrollment. Cross-sectional analyses for 2005 that include additionalcontrols provide further evidence of the mortality / urban slum relationship. The results confirmurban slum prevalence growth is an important contextual dynamic whereby the socialproduction of child mortality is enacted in the less developed countries.

Assessing the Temporal and Regional Differences in the Relationships between Infant and Child Mortality and Urban Slum Prevalence in Less Developed Countries, 1990–2005

Urban Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (16) ◽  
pp. 3495-3512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Jorgenson ◽  
James Rice ◽  
Brett Clark
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
Social Scientific

Drawing from various bodies of social scientific literature and research, the authors assess the extent to which infant and child mortality rates in less developed countries are impacted by the percentage of domestic populations living in urban slum conditions. Results of two-way fixed effects panel model estimates of 80 less developed countries from 1990 to 2005 indicate that growth in the percentage of populations living in urban slum conditions positively affects both forms of mortality rate. The effects, moreover, are much more pronounced for African countries than for less developed countries in Latin America and Asia and moderately larger for the Asian nations than those in Latin America. Additional findings suggest that the magnitude of the effect of urban slum prevalence on infant and child mortality increased through time for the African countries, but not for the Latin American and Asian countries in the study.

scholarly journals Stratification of BMI categories among older adults within and across countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-263
Author(s):  
Carmen D Ng
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Programme Implementation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global Ageing

AbstractObjective:Within- and across-country nutritional disparities were examined among older adults in six different countries at varying levels of development.Design:Cross-sectional study.Participants:Older adults (aged 50 years or over) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa using the Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE).Results:While the distribution of BMI categories varied by country, development-related characteristics were generally related to BMI category in a similar way: urban-living, educated and wealthier individuals were typically more likely to be in a higher BMI category. However, there were some exceptions that corroborate findings in more developed countries. Indeed, a pooled partial proportional odds model which included gross domestic product per capita interactions made the case for intertwining processes of development and the nutrition transition.Conclusions:Population segments to be targeted by nutrition policy and programme implementation might need to change over the course of development.

scholarly journals Differences in infant and child mortality before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: a large population-based ecological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. e022737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Tashiro ◽  
Kayako Sakisaka ◽  
Etsuji Okamoto ◽  
Honami Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
Before And After

ObjectivesTo examine associations between access to medical care, geological data, and infant and child mortality in the area of North-Eastern Japan that was impacted by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET) in 2011.DesignA population-based ecological study using publicly available data.SettingTwenty secondary medical areas (SMAs) in the disaster-affected zones in the north-eastern prefectures of Japan (Iwate, Fukushima and Miyagi). Participants: Children younger than 10 years who died in the 20 SMAs between 2008 and 2014 (n=1 748). Primary and secondary outcome measures: Multiple regression analysis for infant and child mortality rate. The mean values were applied for infant and child mortality rates and other factors before GEJET (2008–2010) and after GEJET (2012–2014).ResultsBetween 2008 and 2014, the most common cause of death among children younger than 10 years was accidents. The mortality rate per 100 000 persons was 39.1±41.2 before 2011, 226.7±43.4 in 2011 and 31.4±39.1 after 2011. Regression analysis revealed that the mortality rate was positively associated with low age in each period, while the coastal zone was negatively associated with fewer disaster base hospitals in 2011. By contrast, the number of obstetrics and gynaecology centres (β=−189.9, p=0.02) and public health nurses (β=−1.7, p=0.01) was negatively associated with mortality rate per person in 2011.ConclusionsIn 2011, the mortality rate among children younger than 10 years was 6.4 times higher than that before and after 2011. Residence in a coastal zone was significantly associated with higher child mortality rates.

scholarly journals Structural Dynamics of International Trade and Material Consumption: A Cross-National Study of the Ecological Footprints of Less-Developed Countries

2005 ◽  
pp. 57-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Jorgenson ◽  
James Rice
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
National Study ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Footprints ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Export Flows

Many social scientists argue that more-developed countries externalize their environmental costs through the tapping of resources of less-developed countries, which reduces levels of consumption in the latter while increasing forms of environmental degradation within their borders. However, these assertions lack systematic empirical support. This study offers a new conceptualization of the structure of international trade that may help to partly resolve this issue: weighted export flows, which quantifies the relative extent to which exports are sent to higher-consuming, more-developed countries. Our hypothesis is that less-developed countries with higher levels of exports sent to more-developed countries exhibit lower domestic levels of resource consumption, measured as ecological footprints. In a series of regression models of per capita ecological footprints for less-developed countries in 2000, evidence is found supporting the hypothesis. The negative effect of weighted export flows on the per capita footprints of nations is robust, net of the often cited impacts of capital intensity, urbanization, domestic inequality, human capital, and other export-related characteristics. Results of this study provide empirical evidence of the environmental impacts of the structure of international trade and outline a new methodological approach to studying uneven ecological exchange.

scholarly journals Childhood Sanitation Practices and Incidence of Diarrhea in Slum Communities With Implications for Community-Based Education in Less Developed Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akpovire B Oduaran ◽  
Okechukwu Stephen Chukwudeh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Community Based Education ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Slum Dwellers

Abstract Background Diarrhoea is a major cause of mortality among under-five children, especially in less developed countries. Previous studies on childhood diarrhoea have largely focused on biomedical methods with little attention given to community-based approach to reduce the prevalence of the disease in the slums, classified in literature among areas of high diarrhoea incidence. The key question is does childhood sanitation practices influence the incidence of diarrhea? This study, was therefore, designed to examine the association between childhood sanitation practices and incidence of diarrhea using community-based approach.Methods The value beliefs and planned behavior theories were adopted as framework, while cross-sectional survey was use to elicit data from 900 mothers of under-five children who had lived in the study locations for at least 12 months preceding the research and 10 In-depth interviews was conducted.Results There was a positive significant association between defecating with unimproved toilet facilities (χ2=42.167, p<0.05), cleaning buttocks with inappropriate materials (χ2=4.274, p<0.05), disposing faeces around household environments (χ2=10.542, p<0.05), and childhood diarrhea. The odds was higher among children whose mothers had no education (OR=1.560), widow (OR=5.542), poor (OR=1.556), and children that defecates with unhygienic toilet facilities (OR=7.806).Conclusion Community perceptions interact with poverty to influence unhygienic toilet practices in the slums. This has negative health implications on the lives of low-income and vulnerable slum dwellers. Thus, community-based education on improved sanitary practices is necessary to reduce diarrhoea prevalence.

Konwergencja beta, sigma i gamma krajów postsocjalistycznych do Europy Zachodniej

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-243
Author(s):  
Mariusz Próchniak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Γ Convergence ◽  
Over Time

The study aims to verify the existence of convergence of 28 European Union (EU) members and 16 non-EU post-socialist countries. The analysis covers the 1995–2018 period. The research has also been conducted for shorter subperiods: 1995–2004, 2004–2018, and 2010–2018. Three types of convergence are taken into account: beta (less developed countries exhibit a faster rate of economic growth than more developed ones), sigma (income differentiation decreases over time), and gamma (countries change their ranks in the GDP per capita ranking). The study confirms the existence of β-, σ-, and γ-convergence in both groups of countries. Convergence, however, is not an automatic phenomenon and there are years in which σ-divergence and γ-divergence were observed.

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