scholarly journals Synthesis of Cellulose Stearate Ester as Wet Strength Agent for Synthesis of Bio-polybag from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Eddy Kurniawan ◽  
Rizka Mulyawan ◽  
Angga Tri Agusna PA ◽  
Wika Armadani ◽  
Zainuddin Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Methyl Stearate ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Wavenumber Region

Biodegradable polybags are an alternative to overcome the weakness of synthetic polybags because of their degradation properties. Oil palm empty fruit bunches contain a lot of cellulose so that they can be used as a biodegradable polybag. Wet Strength serves to increase the physical strength of bio-polybags when exposed to water (in wet conditions) so that water content stability is required. In this study, Cellulose Stearate Esters were synthesized in an effort to increase the stability of the water content in bio-polybags. Cellulose Stearate Esters are synthesized through a transesterification reaction between -Cellulose isolated from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) with methyl stearate. The synthesis of cellulose stearate esters was carried out by refluxing for 2 hours using methanol solvent with various catalysts Na2CO3 5, 10, 15, 20 mg and with volume variations of methyl stearate 5, 10, 15. And the best variation was determined based on the degree of substitution test, namely with variations Na2CO3 catalyst 20 mg and volume of methyl Stearate 15 ml, amounting to 1.95. The result of the synthesis, namely cellulose stearate, was tested for functional groups by FT-IR spectroscopy and surface morphology using SEM. The formation of cellulose stearate is supported by the FT-IR spectrum in the wavenumber region of 3468.01 cm-1 indicating an OH group, 3062.96 cm-1 indicating a CH stretching group, 1695.43 cm-1 indicating a C=O group, cm-1 indicating a CH bending group, 1095.57cm-1 indicates a COC group, 609.51cm-1 indicates a (CH2)n>4 group. The results of surface morphology analysis using SEM showed that the surface of cellulose stearate looked homogeneous, more regular and had denser cavities than -Cellulose

scholarly journals Sifat Fisik Dan Mekanik Papan Komposit Dari Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Hasil Penguraian Secara Mekanis Dengan Perekat Gambir

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Junaidi -
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Composite Board ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Oil Palm Industry

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are a solid waste product from the oil palm industry that are about 70% fiber. Previous research has indicated that this fiber can be used to produce composite board. Gambier can be used in an adhesive to produce these boards as it has strong adhesive properties. This research investigates the suitability of four types of OPEFB fiber resulting from different mechanical separation speeds and three adhesive made from differing concentrations of Gambier (12%, 14%, 16%) to produce high quality composite board. The results of the research suggest the type of the fiber and the concentration of the gambier used significantly influence the density of the resulting board and that there are interactions between these two variables. The water content of the board is significantly influenced by the type of OPEFB fibre but not by the concentration of gambier or any interaction between these variables. Thickness swelling, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) are all influenced by type of fiber and concentration of gambier without any significant interaction between these two factors. The best types of fiber was those labeled A and B. The best performing composite board was produced from the longer B fibers and 16% gambier adhesive. This board a had density of 0.86 g/cm3, MOR 251.3 kg/cm2 and strength parallel to the grain of 145.6 kg/cm2. This data suggests that the density, water content and MOR of the boards made with this combination of material meets standard SNI 03-2105-2006 however the thickness swelling of the board fails this standard.

scholarly journals Sintesis Nanopartikel Kitosan-tripolifosfat menggunakan Metode Gelasi Ionik

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Risnawati Risnawati ◽  
Mohammad Wijaya M ◽  
Hasri Hasri
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Chitosan Solution ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Ionic Gelation ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis nanopartikel kitosan menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Tahapan sintesis meliputi: pembuatan larutan kitosan 0,2% menggunakan asam sitrat 5%, sintesis Nanopartikel Kitosan dengan Na-TPP sebagai pengikat silang, dilanjutkan dengan uji kestabilan nanopartikel menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil sintesis nanopatikel dikarakterisasi menggunakan FT-IR, PSA dan uji kadar air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suspensi nanopartikel kitosan-TPP tetap stabil selama penyimpanan 1 hari dan setelah freeze drying diperoleh serbuk berwarna putih dengan kadar air sebesar 7,25%. Hasil Karakterisasi FT-IR mengindikasikan bahwa sintesis nanopatikel telah terbentuk, hal ini dapat dilihat terjadinya pergeseran puncak serapan gugus fungsi sebelum dan setelah terbentuk nanopartikel kitosan. Hasil analisis PSA diperoleh ukuran partikel sebesar 7270,9 nm. Berdasarkan hal tersebut disimpulkan bahwa sintesis nanopartikel kitosan dapat dilakukan dengan metode gelasi ionik dengan kestabilan selama satu hari. Kata kunci: Gelasi ionik, Kitosan-TPP, Nanopartikel ABSTRACT This experiment aimed to synthesize of chitosan nanoparticles using ionic gelation method. Synthesis stages include: preparation of 0.2% chitosan solution using 5% citric acid, synthesis chitosan nanoparticles with Na-TPP as crosslinker, followed by a test of the stability of the nanoparticles using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of synthesis nanopaticles were characterized using FT-IR, PSA and test water content. The results showed that the nanoparticles of chitosan-TPP suspension remained stable for 1 day storage time and after freeze drying obtained in the form white powder with a water content of 7.25%. Characterization of FT-IR results indicate that the synthesis nanopaticles been formed, it can be seen a shift of the absorption peak of functional groups before and after the formation of chitosan nanoparticles. PSA analysis results obtained that particle size at 7270.9 nm. Based on this it was concluded that synthesis of chitosan nanoparticle can be performed with ionic gelation method with stability during one day. Keywords: Gelasi ionic, Chitosan-TPP, Nanoparticles

SIFAT FISIK MEKANIK PAPAN PARTIKEL TANPA PEREKAT DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis Guineensis acq)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Tri Cahyana
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

This research aimed to get the physical and mechanical properties of non adhesive-particle board from oil palm empty fruit bunches. The oil palm empty fruit bunches were degradated to fibre and boiled in boiling water during 60 minute then dried in ± 2 weeks. The dried raw material was chopped to be fibre in 5 mesh, 10 mesh, and 16 mesh. It were complied into a mold and then hot pressed in 35 kgf/cm2 pressure during 10 minute with 3 of temperature variety, 160°C, 180°C and 200°C. The result showed that the average of particle board water content was 7,11 -  9,85 % and the density was 0,63 – 0,76 gr/cm3. The highest thickness swelling was 22,59 % in 10 mesh and 160 0C (a2b1) temperature of oil palm empty fruit bunches. The modulus of rupture was 211,67 kg/cm2  in 10 mesh and 180 0C (a2b2) temperature. The modulus of elasticity was 490,85 kg/cm2 in 10 mesh and 160 0C (a2b1) temperature. The tensile strength was 7,49 kg/cm2 in 5 mesh and 200 0C (a1b3) temperature. The average of physical and mechanical properties such as water content, density, modulus of rupture, tensile strength were fulfill the SNI requirement, while the average of thickness swelling and modulus of elasticity were not fulfill the SNI requirement.Keywords: oil palm empty fruit bunches, particle board

scholarly journals Pemurnian alfa-selulosa dari baglog bekas jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) menggunakan NaOH dan hidrolisis sulfat (Purification of alpha-cellulose from ex-baglog of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using NaOH and sulfate hydrolysis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyakansa HANIF ◽  
TRI - PANJI ◽  
Firda DIMAWARNITA ◽  
I Made ARTIKA
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Cellulose Component

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) are the largest cellulose waste produced by oil palm plantations. Each processing of one ton of Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) will produce OPEFB as much as 22-23% or 220-230 kg. OPEFB waste has not been utilized optimally by most palm oil mills and communities. It was reported that OPEFB contains 32.57% cellulose, 27.70% hemicellulose, and 26.49% lignin. The purity of cellulose component in OPEFB can be increased by delignification and hydrolysis of OPEFB. This research aims to produce alpha-cellulose from OPEFB with the highest purity level. The stages of the process include biologically delignification using white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), chemical delignification using 17,5% NaOH solution, and combination of treatment using solution of 17,5% NaOH and hydrolysis using 10% H2SO4solution. The analysis was carried out using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The best result of alpha-cellulose purity was by the treatment of delignified NaOH baglog resulting in 97.43% alpha-cellulose content, 4.47% pentosan hemicellulose level, and undetectable lignin levels.The results of FT-IR spectrum from alpha-cellulose obtained from OPEFB has shown functional groups contained in alpha-cellulose polymers including O-H groups at wave number 3289 cm-1, C-H groups at wave number 2901 cm-1, and functional groups C-O at wave number 1372 cm-1.[Key words: hydrolysis, FT-IR, mushroom, bleaching, waste]  Abstrak Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) adalah limbah terbesar yang dihasilkan oleh perkebunan kelapa sawit. Setiap pengolahan satu ton tandan buah segar (TBS) akan dihasilkan TKKS sebanyak 22-23% atau 220-230 kg. Limbah TKKS belum dimanfaatkan secara optimaloleh sebagian besar pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS) dan masyarakat. Dari hasil analisis kimiakomposisi selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin pada TKKSsecara berturut-turut ialah ; 32,57%, 27,70%, 26,49%. Kandungan komponen selulosa dalam TKKSdapat ditingkatkan kemurniannya dengan cara delignifikasi dan hidrolisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan pemurnian alfa–selulosa dari TKKS dengan tingkat kemurnian tertinggi.Tahapan pembuatan alfa-selulosameliputi delignifikasi secara biologis menggunakan jamur tiramputih(Pleurotus ostreatus), delignifikasi secara kimia menggunakan larutan NaOH 17,5%, dan kombinasi perlakuan menggunakan NaOH 17,5% dan larutanH2SO410%. Analisis dilakukan menggunakanFourier Transform Infrared Spektroscopy (FT-IR). Hasil pemurnian alfa-selulosa terbaik ialah melalui sisa baglog terdelignifikasi NaOH menghasilkan kadar alfa-selulosa 97.43%, kadar pentosan hemiselulosa 4.47%, serta kadar lignin tidak terdeteksi. Hasil spektrumFT-IR darialfa–selulosayang diperoleh dari TKKStelahmenunjukkan gugus-gugus fungsi yangterdapat di dalam polimeralfa–selulosadiantaranyagugus O-H pada bilangan gelombang 3289 cm-1,  gugus C-H pada bilangangelombang2901cm-1, dan gugus fungsi C-O pada bilangan gelombang 1372 cm-1. [Kata kunci: hidrolisis, FT-IR, jamur, pemutihan, limbah]

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penambahan Nanoselulosa dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guinensis Jacq) terhadap Karakteristik Polivinil Alkohol (PVA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Fathia Arami B Tou ◽  
Eti Indarti ◽  
Ismail Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Water Vapor Permeability ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
High Cellulose

Abstrak: Tandan kosong kelapa sawit merupakan limbah padat terbesar yang dihasilkan oleh perkebunan kelapa sawit. Kandungan utama tandan kosong kelapa sawit adalah selulosa. Tingginya kandungan selulosa pada tandan kosong kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan nanoselulosa. Nanoselulosa merupakan selulosa yang dihasilkan dalam skala nano dan memiliki sifat karakteristik yang jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan selulosa. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan isolasi selulosa yang berasal dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit untuk menghasilkan nanoselulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pencampur (filler) pada polimer polivinil alkohol (PVA), sehingga diharapkan dapat memperbaiki karakteristik pada PVA. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengkaji isolasi selulosa menjadi nanoselulosa dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit serta mempelajari karakteristik pada PVA dengan adanya penambahan nanoselulosa. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan rancangan penelitian deskriptif yang terdiri dari jumlah penambahan nanoselulosa (N) dan jumlah PVA (P). Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah uji ketebalan, uji kuat tarik, uji FT-IR, uji WVP, dan uji UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan nanoselulosa berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik film PVA. The Effects of Adding Nanocellulose From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (Elaeis guinensis Jacq) For Characterization of Polyvinil Alcohol (PVA) Abstract: Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are the largest solid waste produced by oil palm plantations. The main content of oil palm empty fruit bunches is cellulose. High cellulose content in oil palm empty fruit bunches can be used for making nanocellulose. Nanocellulose is cellulose that produced in nanoscale and it has better characteristic properties compared to cellulose. In this study, cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches was isolated to produce nanocellulose that can be used as filler for characterization of polyvinil alcohol (PVA). The purpose of this study is to examined the isolation of cellulose into nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches and to investiage the characteristics of PVA with the addition of nanocellulose. This study was conducted using a descriptive research design consisting of 2 (two) factors. The first factor was the total addition of nanocellulose (N) and the second factor was the amount of polyvinyl alcohol (P). The characterization that carried out were a thickness test, tensile strength, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), Water Vapor Permeability (WVP), and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the study showed that the addition of nanocellulose can effect the characteristics of PVA films. 

scholarly journals STUDI ISOLASI DAN RENDEMEN LIGNIN DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS)

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmaja Simatupang ◽  
Andi Nata ◽  
Netti Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Ft Ir

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is one of the solid waste generated by the palm oil industry that contain lots of fiber. Based from its chemical composition, TKKS has the potential to be used as a source of chemicals that lignin. Lignin can be used commercially as binders, adhesives, fillers, surfactants, polymer products, dispersants and other chemicals. This study used fiber powder TKKS cleared of extractive substances to extract them using benzene: 96% ethanol (2:1, v / v) for 6 hours. Fiber powder is then cooked with a variety of cooking 1,2,3 hours with the addition of NaOH variation of 10%, 15%, and 20% to obtain the black liquor, black liquor and dilution variations during lignin isolation. The results showed that the optimum yield of lignin obtained is 16.42% with 84.21% purity lignin in cooking 2 hour treatment with the addition of 20% NaOH and diluting the black liquor 1:2. The test results showed FT-IR has wavelengths lignin constituent functional groups in according with the standard lignin.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KATALIS NaOH PADA PROSES ISOLASI LIGNIN DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
Masdayani Rambe ◽  
Andi Nata ◽  
Netti Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Ft Ir

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is one of the solid waste generated by the palm oil industry that contain lot of fibers. Based from its chemical composition, TKKS has the potential to be used as a source of chemicals that lignin. Lignin can be used commercially as binders, adhesives, fillers, surfactants, polymer products, dispersants and other chemicals. This study used fiber powder TKKS cleared of extractive substances to extract them using benzene: 96% ethanol (2:1, v / v) for 6 hours. Fiber powder is then cooked with a variety of cooking 1,2,3 hours with the addition of NaOH variation of 10%, 15%, and 20% to obtain the black liquor, black liquor and dilution variations during lignin isolation. The results showed that the optimum yield of lignin obtained is 16.42% with 84.21% purity lignin in cooking 2 hour treatment with the addition of 20% NaOH and diluting the black liquor 1:2. The test results showed FT-IR has wavelengths lignin constituent functional groups in according with the standard lignin.

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Torrefied Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Briquettes

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bemgba Nyakuma ◽  
◽  
Arshad Ahmad ◽  
Anwar Johari ◽  
Tuan Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Decomposition Kinetics ◽  
Thermal Decomposition Kinetics ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Tg Analysis ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Thermal Lag ◽  
Profile Characteristics ◽  
Kinetics Of

The study is aimed at investigating the thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) briquettes using a thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and the Coats-Redfern model. The results revealed that thermal decomposition kinetics of OPEFB and torrefied OPEFB briquettes is significantly influenced by the severity of torrefaction temperature. Furthermore, the temperature profile characteristics; Tonset, Tpeak, and Tend increased consistently due to the thermal lag observed during TG analysis. In addition, the torrefied OPEFB briquettes were observed to possess superior thermal and kinetic properties over the untorrefied OPEFB briquettes. It can be inferred that torrefaction improves the fuel properties of pelletized OPEFB for potential utilization in bioenergy conversion systems.

Solid State Analysis and Theoretical Explorations on Polymorphic and Hydrate Forms of p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Isonicotinichydrazone: Effect of Additives on Polymorphic Crystallization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincy Tom ◽  
Victoria A. Smolenski ◽  
Jerry P. Jasinski ◽  
M.R. Prathapachandra Kurup
Keyword(s):  
Hirshfeld Surface ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Space Groups ◽  
Effect Of Additives ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Packing Arrangement ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ir And Raman ◽  
Isonicotinic Hydrazide

The reaction of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde with an equimolar amount of isonicotinic hydrazide afforded two polymorphic and hydrate forms of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde isonicotinichydrazone (HBIH) by varying the experimental reaction conditions. The compounds are fully characterized by means of single crystal and powder diffraction methods, vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR and Raman), thermal and elemental analysis. The compound crystallizes in three different forms in two different space groups, P21/c (form PA and PB) and Pbca (PC). The Hirshfeld surface analysis shows the differences in the relative contributions of intermolecular interactions to the total Hirshfeld surface area for the HBIH molecules. The calculated pairwise interaction energies (104-116 kJ/mol) can be related to the stability of the crystals. Energy framework analysis identifies the interaction hierarchy and their topology. The geometry and conformation of the three forms are essentially similar which differ only by packing arrangement.

Solid State Analysis and Theoretical Explorations on Polymorphic and Hydrate Forms of p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Isonicotinichydrazone: Effect of Additives on Polymorphic Crystallization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincy Tom ◽  
Victoria A. Smolenski ◽  
Jerry P. Jasinski ◽  
M.R. Prathapachandra Kurup
Keyword(s):  
Hirshfeld Surface ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Space Groups ◽  
Effect Of Additives ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Packing Arrangement ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ir And Raman ◽  
Isonicotinic Hydrazide

The reaction of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde with an equimolar amount of isonicotinic hydrazide afforded two polymorphic and hydrate forms of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde isonicotinichydrazone (HBIH) by varying the experimental reaction conditions. The compounds are fully characterized by means of single crystal and powder diffraction methods, vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR and Raman), thermal and elemental analysis. The compound crystallizes in three different forms in two different space groups, P21/c (form PA and PB) and Pbca (PC). The Hirshfeld surface analysis shows the differences in the relative contributions of intermolecular interactions to the total Hirshfeld surface area for the HBIH molecules. The calculated pairwise interaction energies (104-116 kJ/mol) can be related to the stability of the crystals. Energy framework analysis identifies the interaction hierarchy and their topology. The geometry and conformation of the three forms are essentially similar which differ only by packing arrangement.

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