Synthesis of Cellulose Stearate Ester as Wet Strength Agent for Synthesis of Bio-polybag from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Biodegradable polybags are an alternative to overcome the weakness of synthetic polybags because of their degradation properties. Oil palm empty fruit bunches contain a lot of cellulose so that they can be used as a biodegradable polybag. Wet Strength serves to increase the physical strength of bio-polybags when exposed to water (in wet conditions) so that water content stability is required. In this study, Cellulose Stearate Esters were synthesized in an effort to increase the stability of the water content in bio-polybags. Cellulose Stearate Esters are synthesized through a transesterification reaction between -Cellulose isolated from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) with methyl stearate. The synthesis of cellulose stearate esters was carried out by refluxing for 2 hours using methanol solvent with various catalysts Na2CO3 5, 10, 15, 20 mg and with volume variations of methyl stearate 5, 10, 15. And the best variation was determined based on the degree of substitution test, namely with variations Na2CO3 catalyst 20 mg and volume of methyl Stearate 15 ml, amounting to 1.95. The result of the synthesis, namely cellulose stearate, was tested for functional groups by FT-IR spectroscopy and surface morphology using SEM. The formation of cellulose stearate is supported by the FT-IR spectrum in the wavenumber region of 3468.01 cm-1 indicating an OH group, 3062.96 cm-1 indicating a CH stretching group, 1695.43 cm-1 indicating a C=O group, cm-1 indicating a CH bending group, 1095.57cm-1 indicates a COC group, 609.51cm-1 indicates a (CH2)n>4 group. The results of surface morphology analysis using SEM showed that the surface of cellulose stearate looked homogeneous, more regular and had denser cavities than -Cellulose

Effect of sintering temperature on structural, magnetic, dielectric and optical properties of Ni–Mn–Zn ferrites

Spinel ferrite Ni[Formula: see text]Mn[Formula: see text]Zn[Formula: see text]Fe2O4 was prepared by a conventional ceramic process followed by sintering at three different temperatures (1050[Formula: see text]C, 1100[Formula: see text]C and 1150[Formula: see text]C). X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations stated the single-phase cubic spinel structure and the FTIR spectra revealed two prominent bands within the wavenumber region from 600 cm[Formula: see text] to 400 cm[Formula: see text]. Surface morphology showed highly crystalline grain development with sizes ranging from 0.27 [Formula: see text]m to 0.88 [Formula: see text]m. The magnetic hysteresis curve at ambient temperature revealed a significant effect of sintering temperature on both coercivity ([Formula: see text] and saturation magnetization ([Formula: see text]. Temperature caused a decrease in DC electrical resistivity, while the electron transport increased, suggesting the semiconducting nature of all samples and that they well followed the Arrhenius law from which their activation energies were determined. The values of Curie temperature ([Formula: see text] and activation energy were influenced by the sintering temperature. Frequency-dependent dielectric behavior (100 Hz–1 MHz) was also analyzed, which may be interpreted by the Maxwell–Wagner-type polarization. The UV–vis–NIR reflectance curve was analyzed to calculate the bandgap of ferrites, which showed a decreasing trend with increasing sintering temperature.

Low-frequency multiplex CARS microscopy with a high-repetition near-infrared supercontinuum laser

We have developed a multiplex Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscope effective for low-wavenumber measurement by combining a high-repetition supercontinuum light source of 1064 nm and an infrared high-sensitivity InGaAs diode array. This system could observe the low-wavenumber region down to 55 cm-1 with high sensitivity. In addition, using spectrum shaping and spectrum modulation techniques, we simultaneously realized a wide bandwidth (<1800 cm-1), high wavenumber resolution (9 cm-1), high efficiency, and increasing signal to noise ratio by reducing the effect of the background shape in low-wavenumber region. Spatial variation of a sulfur crystal phase transition with metastable states was visualized.

FTIR Spectroscopy for Evaluation and Monitoring of Lipid Extraction Efficiency for Murine Liver Tissues Analysis

Over the past several decades, growing research on lipids and lipidomic technologies have shown the important role played by lipids in many different situations. A powerful technique used for lipids detection and characterization in biological tissues is Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The main goal of the present work is to exploit FTIR spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring lipid extraction efficiency by evaluating three different lipid extraction methods in murine liver tissues. In particular, infrared spectra have been obtained in the 4000–600 cm−1 wavenumber region and the contributions of different functional groups have been evidenced. The ratio values estimated using the absorbance of selected bands related to different liver constituents have been used for a quantitative comparison of the efficiency of the different extraction methods.

The intracrystalline microstructure of Monte Fico lizardite, by optics, <i>μ</i>-Raman spectroscopy and TEM

The Monte Fico lizardite crystals have an internal skeletal spongy microstructure, formed by two micrometric domains having different optical reliefs. This intracrystalline microstructure parallels the previously reported intercrystalline arrangement, consisting of lizardite prisms within a chrysotile plus polygonal serpentine matrix. In the high-wavenumber region, the larger and more abundant domains (that represent approximately 87 % of the total field view) produce μ-Raman spectra characterized by two major peaks at 3686 and 3705 cm−1. The smaller, less abundant domains present a wide band confined between these wavenumbers. These features are interpreted as lizardite and chrysotile, respectively. Raman results are confirmed by TEM, which emphasizes the presence of well-recognizable polygonal serpentine too. Tight crystallographic control exists between lizardite and this first serpentine generation. A second serpentine generation occurs perpendicularly to the first one. The lizardite crystals grew up with a skeletal habit, whereas chrysotile fibres and polygonal serpentine filled the voids, growing epitactically on the lizardite crystals, with fast crystal growth in a fluid-rich environment.

Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy of Synthetic Amphiboles: II. Divalent (Mg,Co) Substitutions at the Octahedrally Coordinated Sites

Raman spectra were recorded for a set of synthetic amphiboles, Na(NaCa)(Mg5–xCox)Si8O22(OH)2 with x = 0–5, that have been previously characterized by Rietveld structure refinement and infrared spectroscopy in the principal OH-stretching region. The chemical compositions derived from the intensities of the O-H stretching Raman peaks are in accord with the nominal compositions, as well as with the compositions previously determined by both Rietveld structure refinement and infrared spectroscopy. Detailed peak assignments have been made of the Raman spectra in the low-wavenumber region (50–1200 cm–1) starting from the work of Leissner et al. (2015) and Waeselmann et al. (2019) and the simulated partial Raman spectra for all the cation-anion pairs in the structure of potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite given by Ivanov et al. (2018). Most Raman peaks exhibit one-mode behavior and shift toward lower wavenumbers for increasing Co in the amphibole.

Application of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the detection and quantification of lard oil in bovine milk fat

Bovine milk fat (BMF) is considered as high nutritional fat because it contains fatty acids, lipid derivatives, and fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E, and K which are beneficial for human health. As a consequence, the price of BMF is higher among other fats. Fraudulent practices such as substitution or replacement with a lower price of fat and oil such as lard oil (LO) are potential to get more economic benefits. Moreover, lard is a non-halal substance which is prohibited to consume especially for Muslim. Therefore, the development of a rapid and accurate method for authentication of BMF from LO is highly required. The objective of this study was to develop Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics of multivariate analysis for detection and quantification of LO in binary mixtures with BMF. Samples were prepared by mixing BMF with adulterant of LO in the concentration range of 0-100% of LO. Each sample was scanned using FTIR attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy in three replicates at the wavenumber region of 4000-650 cm-1 . The FTIR spectra of BMF and LO has a different pattern at the wavenumber region of 1510-900 cm-1 . Qualitative chemometrics analysis was performed using discriminant analysis (DA), meanwhile, quantitative chemometrics analysis was carried out using partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). Results showed that discriminant analysis using normal FTIR spectra at the wavenumber of 3098-669 cm-1 perfectly classified authentic BMF and adulterated BMF with LO. In addition, PLS calibration of FTIR spectra at the wavenumber combination of 3033-2770 cm-1 and 1510-692 cm-1 using first derivative spectra was chosen for quantification of LO in BMF with a high value of R2 (>0.99) in calibration and validation models and lower RMSEC (0.631) and RMSEP (1.94). It can be concluded that FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics of discriminant analysis and partial least square considered as a rapid and accurate method for the detection and quantification of lard oil in bovine milk fat.

FTIR spectral properties affected by OM-cation interactions

&lt;p&gt;Soil organic matter (OM) interacts with cations like Ca by using C=O and OH functional groups. Such interactions are known to protect soil OM against decomposition. This process affects the bonding strength of functional groups. Changes in bonding strength are assumed to shift the wavenumber region of OH and C=O absorption band maxima in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The aim is to analyze the extent of such shifts to determine presence and strength of OM&amp;#8211;cation interaction. Solutions of PGA and Chia seed mucilage were mixed at different ratios with CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; solution. The mixtures were freeze dried. FTIR spectra of PGA&amp;#8211;Ca, and mucilage-Ca mixtures indicate that the OH band is affected by the presence of Ca. However, the C=O band maximum and the CH/C=O ratio were not affected. For the PGA&amp;#8211;Ca and mucilage-Ca mixtures the shift in OH band maxima relative to PGA and mucilage, respectively, increases with Ca content. Such shifts in OH band maxima are in a similar range as the ones observed for the outer compared to inner regions of an intact chia seed mucilage droplet. The results suggest that it is necessary to know the relation between OM-cation interactions and band shifts for the correct interpretation of the FTIR spectra of soil and rhizosphere samples.&lt;/p&gt;