scholarly journals China’s Increasing Investments and Relationships with Sea Line Countries of Indian Ocean: A Geopolitical Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Shoukat ◽  
Iqra Ashraf ◽  
Hina Ali ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Ali
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Regional Power ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Strait Of Hormuz ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
String Of Pearls

This study aims to investigate how String of Pearls is referred to as a geopolitical strategy adopted by China and a threat to India as India is a growing regional power? China has invested a lot in building its military bases network in the countries of sea lines that are falling on the Indian Ocean. China has also developed commercial facilities and its military bases, which refer to as String of Pearls. This study will find the interest of China in expanding its engagements in the region of the Indian Ocean. China is investing heavily in the construction of ports, roads, military, and commercial bases along with so many huge products in the countries providing China bases to increase its chain of String of Pearls. The study will identify how these investments made by China are paying off back to China. This research paper will cover Chinese investment in  Pakistan, Myanmar, Djibouti, Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Myanmar, Massawa port Eritrea, Iran, Lamu port Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, etc.

scholarly journals INDIAN RESPONSE TO CHINESE STRING OF PEARLS DOCTRINE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Ijaz Khalid ◽  
Shaukat ◽  
Azka Gul
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Energy Futures ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Indian Act ◽  
Strait Of Hormuz ◽  
The Usa ◽  
String Of Pearls ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Strait Of Malacca

The paper explores the origin and analysis of the so-called Beijings String of Pearls doctrine that refers to the Strait of Malacca, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, the Maldives, the Strait of Hormuz, Sudan, Kenya, Somalia and IOR. The paper further elaborated on the Indian response to the Chinese String of Pearls Doctrine by countering through Indian Act East Policy, investing in the Iranian Chabahar port and by developing Indo-Pacific alliance with Japan and the USA. This piece of the paper concluded that the Chinese investment in all these ports, islands and chokepoints are a counter strategy to the Malacca Dilemma and to ensure the Beijing Sea lanes of Communication. The study found that the Chinese never used or declared a policy statement about the String of Pearl policy and originally it was coined by the U.S. consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton and got popularity with publication in Energy Futures in Asia.

scholarly journals MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA AS A PART OF CHINESE STRING OF PEARLS STRATEGY

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Aghavni HARUTYUNYAN
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
String Of Pearls

Launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, the One Belt, One Road initiative (OBOR), which consists of land (EBSR) and sea routes (MSR), aims to connect Asia and Europe through the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia. The MSR strategy focuses on creating Chinese strongholds or “naval posts” with military or geopolitical influence along the Indian Ocean littoral, the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea, called a “String of Pearls” - similar to the “Dual Use Logistics Facility”. It is related to Beijing’s need for geostrategic security of the “choke points” and maritime [oil and trade] routes critical of its development and based on China’s need to establish an increased level of influence and advanced presence along the sea routes through the use of investment, port development, economic, political, diplomatic and military means. China hopes to contribute to strengthening regional security on the southern gateway from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, one of the world’s biggest shipping lanes and a pivotal part of the MSR. Today the Chinese energy security policy has been militarized by creating a navy and deploying troops to protect and implement energy and infrastructure projects in the Middle East and North Africa region. It is an important hub for the two OBOR routes due to its strategic location at the intersection of land and sea roads connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, and the three most important economic maritime regions: the South China Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean Sea.

A New Game Started? China’s ‘Overseas Strategic Pivots’ in the Indian Ocean Region

China Report ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-284
Author(s):  
Mike Chia-Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
International Environment ◽  
American Model ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Facility Construction ◽  
String Of Pearls

China’s port facility construction projects in the Indian Ocean (IO) region, particularly those in Gwadar and Djibouti, have led to a heated debate among strategists over whether the country has been carrying out a ‘string of pearls’ strategy, an alleged Chinese scheme to challenge America’s military predominance in South Asia. Although Beijing has denied the existence of such a strategy, it has enhanced its strategic ties with littoral countries in the IO region over the past few years. This article discusses the evolution of Beijing’s IO strategy and examines the nature of these Chinese port projects. It argues that rather than simply copying the American model of developing military bases overseas, China has been deliberating a more sophisticated plan for its physical presence there—creating a new set of ‘overseas strategic pivots’. These ‘pivots’ are designed to help Beijing sustain its anti-piracy campaign and serve as forward stations for the transportation of China’s imported energy and merchandise while, with a relatively low-key stance, reducing any unnecessary opposing actions by rival powers. In addition, their political and economic functions are to a certain extent greater than their military functions despite the fact that they appear to be military bases. More importantly, these ‘pivots’ can help China create closer partnerships with littoral governments in the IO region, which suggests that the country is trying to create a friendly international environment favouring its plan to step into the global maritime domain.

scholarly journals Analysis of Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-100
Author(s):  
Manbir Singh, Dr. Jasdeep Kaur Dhami
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Association Member ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean woven together by transmission of trade, commands the control of majority of the world’s cargo ships, one third of the worlds cargo traffic and two thirds of total world’s oil shipments. The main aim of this paper is to analyse Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations. Time period of the study is from 1980 to 2019.  Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) contributes 11.7 per cent share in world exports, in case of member nations highest share is of Singapore 2.1 per cent  followed by India and UAE 1.7 per cent, Australia 1.5 per cent, Thailand and Malaysia 1.3 per cent. Indonesia, South Africa, Bangladesh, Oman, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Sri Lanka the share in world exports is less than 1 per cent.  

scholarly journals Rivalitas Strategi Maritim China dan India di Selat Malaka

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Regional Power ◽  
China And India ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Maritime Strategy ◽  
String Of Pearls ◽  
Malacca Strait ◽  
India And China

Regarding the significance of Malacca Strait as a key maritime�s �choke-point� passage betweenIndian and Pacific oceans, some major countries become dependence with the security and safetyin Malacca Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC). China and India are two states-user ofMalacca Strait which sharing common interests of economic, maritime trade and energy supplies.The problem is, as a regional power of each region, India and China have an ambition to controlthe security of Malacca�s Strait. China which is more dependent with its 80% trade and energysupply through Malacca Strait, facing �Malacca dilemma� regarding the issue. Then, with thestrategy of �string of pearls� and the modernization of of People�s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN),China became assertive to save its interests. India, which has control over Indian Ocean then feelthreaten by China�s activities around Malacca Strait and Indian Ocean. India starts and enhancesthe development of Andaman Nicobar Command with US support near Malacca Straits to counterChina�s development. This paper will analyze the development of China�s dan India�s maritimestrategy rivalry in Malacca Straits with the concepts of balance of power and maritime strategy. Keywords: Malacca Strait, China�s maritime strategy, India�s maritime strategy, rivalry, balanceof power

A discussion concerning the floor of the northwest Indian Ocean - The recent sedimentary facies of the Persian Gulf region

1966 ◽  
Vol 259 (1099) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Barrier Islands ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Dune Sand ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Marginal Sea ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf, which is a shallow marginal sea of the Indian Ocean, is an excellent model for the study of some ancient troughs. It is bordered on the west by the Arabian Precambrian shield and on the east by the Persian Tertiary fold mountains. Persia is an area of extensive continental deposition. It is bordered by a narrow submarine shelf. The deeper trough of the Persian Gulf lying along the Persian Coast seaward of the shelf is floored by marly sediments. East of this, the Arabian shelf is covered with skeletal calcarenites and calcilutites. To the northwest is the Mesopotamian alluvial plain and deltaic lobe. Arabia is bordered on the Persian Gulf littoral by a coastal complex of carbonate environments. Barrier islands, tidal deltas (the site of oolitic calcarenite formation) and reefs protect lagoons where calcilutites, pelletal-calcarenites and calcilutites and skeletal calcarenites and calcilutites are forming. There are Mangrove swamps, extensive algal flats and broad intertidal flats bordering the lagoons and landward sides of the islands. A wide coastal plain, the sabkha, borders the mainland. Here evaporation and reactions between the saline waters percolating from the lagoons, and calcium carbonate deposited during a seaward regression, leads to the production of evaporitic minerals including anhydrite, celestite, dolomite, gypsum and halite. Inland, wide dune sand areas pass into the outwash plains skirting the mountain rim of Arabia.

The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004: observations in Sri Lanka and Thailand

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Rossetto ◽  
N. Peiris ◽  
A. Pomonis ◽  
S. M. Wilkinson ◽  
D. Del Re ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
The Indian Ocean

scholarly journals An integrated social response to disasters: the case of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Hettige ◽  
Richard Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Disaster Recovery ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The impact of disasters caused by natural hazards on people in affected communities is mediated by a whole range of circumstances such as the intensity of the disaster, type and nature of the community affected and the nature of loss and displacement. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need to adopt a holistic or integrated approach to assessment of the process of disaster recovery, and to develop a multidimensional assessment framework. Design/methodology/approach The study is designed as a novel qualitative assessment of the recovery process using qualitative data collection techniques from a sample of communities affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami in Eastern and Southern Sri Lanka. Findings The outcomes of the interventions have varied widely depending on such factors as the nature of the community, the nature of the intervention and the mode of delivery for donor support. The surveyed communities are ranked in terms of the nature and extent of recovery. Practical implications The indices of recovery developed constitute a convenient tool of measurement of effectiveness and limitations of external interventions. The assessment used is multidimensional and socially inclusive. Originality/value The approach adopted is new to post-disaster recovery assessments and is useful for monitoring and evaluation of recovery processes. It also fits into the social accountability model as the assessment is based on community experience with the recovery process.

THE GROWING RELATION BETWEEN CHINA AND PAKISTAN AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INDIA AND ITS CHALLENGES AHEAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Sumanta Bhattacharya ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Ray ◽  
Shakti Sinha ◽  
Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
North East ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
String Of Pearls

China and Pakistan diplomatic relation started from 1951 which has grown over the years. China is providing humongous weapons, aircrafts and submarines to Pakistan in spite Pakistan being in debt and now Turkey has also started to provide military weapons to Pakistan, the ultimate aim to is attack India .The string of pearls is a geopolitical strategic to surround Indian peninsular from all sides by creating naval base in its neighbor countries .The economic corridor of China and Pakistan is also a weapon to keep a check on India and amplify Pakistan influence in the Indian Ocean region by providing them powerful submarines. However due to China’s belt and road initiative project which is one of the most financial risk projects has made china lost its appetite to provide money for large infrastructure projects especially in Pakistan, the disagreement between Pakistan and China on CPEC has stopped the work ahead. China is also supporting the Maoist, North- East insurgency and terrorist groups in India by providing those arms and has also attacked India through Cyber warfare. China through the string of pears, CPEC, Belt and Road initiative is trying to encircle India. Keyword: China, Pakistan, India, CPEC, String of pears, military, diplomatic relations, Indian Peninsula, Indian Ocean

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document