scholarly journals Crovelli On Probability: A Critique

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-272
Author(s):  
Igor Wysocki ◽  
Walter Block
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Statistical Procedure ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Linear Scale ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Underlying Distribution ◽  
Actual Meaning ◽  
Class Probability ◽  
Von Mises

According to that old adage, if you are going to attack the king, you had better kill him. Mises, of course, is our emperor. Crovelli (2010) has launched a denunciation of him. In our view, he has not at all succeeded. The monarch, of course, cannot respond, but we, his courtiers, can. In this paper we will attempt to refute the former in defense of the latter. Crovelli, more than once, upbraids Mises for not defining probability; for using the concepts of case and class probability, without ever explicating what these two branches have in common. And, this is a legitimate, although somewhat minor, criticism of Ludwig von Mises. In fact we observe that “probability” is essentially mathematical in meaning, whether we consult Wolfram MathWorld which states: “Probability is the branch of mathematics that studies the possible outcomes of given events together with the outcomes’ relative likelihoods and distributions. In common usage, the word “probability” is used to mean the chance that a particular event (or set of events) will occur expressed on a linear scale from 0 (impossibility) to 1 (certainty), also expressed as a percentage between 0 and 100%. The analysis of events governed by probability is called statistics. There are several competing interpretations of the actual “meaning” of probabilities. Frequentists view probability simply as a measure of the frequency of outcomes (the more conventional interpretation), while Bayesians treat probability more subjectively as a statistical procedure that endeavors to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on the observed distribution”,1 or the OED: “probability, n. 3. Mathematics. As a measurable quantity: the extent to which a particular event is likely to occur, or a particular situation be the case, as measured by the relative frequency of occurrence of events of the same kind in the whole course of experience, and expressed by a number between 0 and 1.An event that cannot happen has probability 0; one that is certain to happen has probability 1. Probability is commonly estimated by the ratio of the number of successful cases to the total number of possible cases, derived mathematically using known properties of the distribution of events, or estimated logically by inferential or inductive reasoning (when mathematical concepts may be inapplicable or insufficient).”

Speech Waveform Perturbation Analysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders G. Askenfelt ◽  
Britta Hammarberg
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Pitch Period ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Perturbation Data ◽  
Acoustic Measure ◽  
Pathological Voice

The performance of seven acoustic measures of cycle-to-cycle variations (perturbations) in the speech waveform was compared. All measures were calculated automatically and applied on running speech. Three of the measures refer to the frequency of occurrence and severity of waveform perturbations in special selected parts of the speech, identified by means of the rate of change in the fundamental frequency. Three other measures refer to statistical properties of the distribution of the relative frequency differences between adjacent pitch periods. One perturbation measure refers to the percentage of consecutive pitch period differences with alternating signs. The acoustic measures were tested on tape recorded speech samples from 41 voice patients, before and after successful therapy. Scattergrams of acoustic waveform perturbation data versus an average of perceived deviant voice qualities, as rated by voice clinicians, are presented. The perturbation measures were compared with regard to the acoustic-perceptual correlation and their ability to discriminate between normal and pathological voice status. The standard deviation of the distribution of the relative frequency differences was suggested as the most useful acoustic measure of waveform perturbations for clinical applications.

scholarly journals KOMUNITAS MAKRO ALGA DI PERAIRAN PANTAI ERI TELUK AMBON

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Frijona F Lokollo
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Occurrence Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Gracilaria Salicornia ◽  
Turbinaria Ornata ◽  
Belt Transect ◽  
Macro Algae

This research was conducted in Eri Beach, Ambon Bay on November 2016 to study community structure which consist of species composition, density and occurrence frequency of macro algae.  Sample of macro algae was collected by using belt transect method.  The results showed that there were 11 species of macro algae in the area which were belonged to 11 genera, 9 families, 8 orders, 3 classes and 3 divisions. Those species were Halimeda opuntia and Caulerpa serrulata (Chlorophyta), Padina minor and Turbinaria ornata (Phaeophya), Amphiroa rigida, Galaxaura rugosa, Ceratodictyon spongiosum, Gracilaria Salicornia, Laurencia papillosa, Acanthophora muscoides and Halymenia durvillaei (Rhodophyta). The highest density was represented by Amphiroa rigida (2.02 ind/m2) while the highest relative frequency of occurrence belonged to Padina minor (27%). Keywords : Community, macro algae, density, Eri, Ambon Bay   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas makro alga meliputi komposisi jenis, frekuensi kehadiran serta kepadatan di Pantai Eri. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2016. Stasiun pengamatan makro alga yaitu di perairan pantai Eri. Metode sampling menggunakan Belt Transect. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 11 spesies, 11 genus, 9 famili, 8 ordo, 3 kelas dan 3 devisi. Chlorophyta terdiri dari Halimeda opuntia dan Caulerpa serrulata. Phaeophya terdiri dari Padina minor dan Turbinaria ornata. Rhodophyta terdiri dari Amphiroa rigida, Galaxaura rugosa, Ceratodictyon spongiosum, Gracilaria Salicornia, Laurencia papillosa, Acanthophora muscoides dan Halymenia durvillaei. Kepadatan jenis tertinggi spesies A. rigida (2.02 ind/m2) dan frekuensi kehadiran relatif tertinggi spesies Padina minor (27%).

Comparison of between-Subjects and within-Subjects Designs in Assessing Perceptions of Risk

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-661
Author(s):  
Charles F. Keown
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Within Subjects

Two groups of subjects rated the risks associated with five hypothetical prescription drugs. Subjects were 329 undergraduates whose average age was 19 yr.; 68% were male and most were single and Caucasian. The drugs differed in terms of the number and the relative frequency of occurrence of their side effects. The within-subjects group rated all five drugs in one task, while the between-subjects group rated only one drug. Within-subjects' ratings were higher than between-subjects' ratings for all five drugs. The within-subjects group appeared to be sensitive to differences in the drug stimuli at both low and high frequencies of occurrence whereas the between-subjects group were not at low frequencies.

Workplace Violence and Workplace Aggression: Evidence Concerning Specific Forms, Potential Causes, and Preferred Targets

1998 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel H. Neuman ◽  
Robert A. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Workplace Violence ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Workplace Aggression ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
News Reports ◽  
The Past

Contrary to the impression generated by an increasing number of news reports in the past several years, the occurrence of workplace violencemextreme acts of aggression involving direct physical assault represents a relatively rare event in work settings. However, workplace aggression--efforts by individuals to harm others with whom they work or have worked---are much more prevalent and may prove extremely damaging to individuals and organizations. This paper presents empirical evidence on the varied forms of workplace aggression and their relative frequency of occurrence in work settings. We offer a theoretical framework for understanding this phenomenon---one based on contemporary theories of human aggression----and demonstrate how principles associated with this framework may be applied to the management and prevention of all forms of aggression in workplaces.

scholarly journals Medical subject headings for the scientific groups evolution analysis on the example of academician A.I. Archakov's scientific school

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
E.V. Ilgisonis ◽  
O.I. Kiseleva ◽  
A.V. Lisitsa ◽  
E.V. Poverennaya ◽  
M.N. Toporkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Evolution Analysis ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Academic School ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This paper proposes a method of comparative analysis of scientific trajectories based on bibliographic profiles. The bibliographic profile (“meshprint”) is a list of MeSH terms (key terms used to index articles in the PubMed), indicating the relative frequency of occurrence of each term in the scientist's articles. Comparison of personalized bibliographic profiles can be represented in the form of a semantic network, where the nodes are the names of scientists, and the relationships are proportional to the calculated measures of similarity of bibliographic profiles. The proposed method was used to analyze the semantic network of scientists united by the academic school of the academician A.I. Archakov. The results of the work allowed us to show the relationship between the scientific trajectories of one scientific school and to correlate the results with world trends.

scholarly journals Fluctuation patterns of different developmental stages of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and their relationship with the environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Ali Shah ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

The relative frequency of occurrence of different developmental stages of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the dependence of its developmental stages on environmental factors, are crucial in the population management. The densities of eggs and larvae were low from December to mid-February due to prevailing cold. Owing to optimum environmental conditions, increasing densities were observed throughout March and they droppped again during the first week of April. The densities of eggs and different larval instars of H. armigera were significantly positively correlated with temperature, and significantly negatively correlated with the average morning relative humidity (RH;%) but not with the average evening RH (%).

Solved Problems in Classical Electromagnetism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pierrus
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Classical Electromagnetism ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Electric Circuits ◽  
Gauge Transformations ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Electromagnetic Field Tensor

Apart from an introductory chapter which focuses mainly on some important mathematical concepts and analytical techniques, this book consists entirely of questions and solutions on topics in classical electromagnetism. The questions are divided into three categories according to their ‘level of difficulty’, and the book should appeal to students who are at different stages in their respective degrees. A wide range of topics are treated which include: the basic experimental laws of electricity and magnetism, Maxwell’s equations, electric and magnetic fields in vacuum and in matter, electromagnetic waves with applications to waveguides and antennas, the electromagnetic potentials, multipole expansions and multipole moments, gauge transformations, electric circuits, electromagnetic radiation, the electromagnetic field tensor and covariance. The solutions are usually followed by a set of comments intended to stimulate inductive reasoning and provide additional information of interest (including points of historical significance). Both analytical and numerical techniques are used to obtain and analyse solutions. The computer calculations use Mathematica (version 10), and the relevant code is given in the text. The book will be useful to students and lecturers in undergraduate and graduate-level courses on classical electromagnetism and in computational physics.

Search Time as a Function of Context Letter Frequency

Perception ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
C R Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Template Model ◽  
Letter Frequency ◽  
Feature Frequency

Neisser (1967) posits the operation of purely feature analytic processes in the scanning of context letters in search lists. This contention was tested by varying the relative frequency of occurrence in English of the context letters in alphanumeric search lists, while holding their feature content constant. It was hypothesized that faster search time on lists of high-frequency context letters would indicate letter-level processing. Equality of search time would indicate the purely feature-level processing required by Neisser's theory. Context letters were segregated into high- and low-frequency sets and their features defined and held constant according to two feature analyses. This yielded a 2 × 2 design with 22 subjects per condition. Attention was given to the control of feature frequency, size of the context-letter set, and approximation of English at the level of bigram, trigram, and word. Results supported a letter level or template model of processing but were shown also to be explainable in terms of some feature-testing models of pattern recognition. Apparatus which allowed for the removal of reaction time in search lists is described.

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