scholarly journals El monopolio de las ideas: Contra la Propiedad Intelectual

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-104
Author(s):  
Albert Esplugas

This paper presents a critique of intellectual property from an ethical and economical point of view. Once patents and copyrights are characterized as a monopolies of ideas, it is argued that intellectual pro-perty violates private property rights in its original meaning and it is not based in real scarcity but creates artificial scarcity instead. In addition, the paper challenges intellectual property as an incentive to innovation and studies the several costs of this kind of regulation. Eventually, diffe-rent market alternatives to tackle the free-riding problem are explored. Key words: intelectual property, patents, copyrights, private property, scar-city, public good, innovation incentives, market economy. Clasificación JEL: O310, O320, O340, H410. Resumen: En este trabajo se presenta una crítica a la propiedad intelec-tual desde una perspectiva ética y económica. Tras caracterizar las paten-tes y los copyrights como monopolios sobre ideas, se arguye que la pro-piedad intelectual viola el derecho de propiedad privada en su sentido tradicional y crea una escasez artificial en lugar de fundarse sobre la esca-sez. Se cuestiona, asimismo, que la propiedad intelectual suponga un incen-tivo a la creación, estudiando los distintos costes de una regulación de este tipo. Por último se mencionan varias alternativas de mercado para hacer frente a los problemas de free-riding. Palabras clave: propiedad intelectual, patentes, copyrights, propiedad privada, escasez, bien público, incentivos a la innovación, mercado.

Author(s):  
Jorge Sierra Merchán

ResumenEn la discusión sobre las implicaciones éticas de la ingeniería genética, es común establecer una diferencia entre eugenesia negativa y eugenesia positiva. La eugenesia negativa está conformada por procedimientos orientados a corregir defectos genéticos, es decir, a evitar o minimizar la trasmisión de enfermedades hereditarias. La eugenesia positiva consiste en potenciar u optimizar caracteres que se consideran deseables (belleza o inteligencia). Una cosa es reparar, con fines terapéuticos, un error genético y otra cosa es mejorar genéticamente un rasgo que se considera bueno y deseable. En este sentido cabe preguntarse: ¿hay un deber moral de evitar, mediante la ingeniería genética, que los niños nazcan con discapacidades y no se les condene a una vida de desgracia? ¿O hay también un deber moral equivalente de garantizar que los niños posean belleza e inteligencia? El presente texto busca responder ambas cuestiones mediante una evaluación de los argumentos en pro y en contra de la eugenesia desarrollados por Singer y Nussbaum. Sostendré que hay una obligación moral de aplicar la eugenesia negativa, mientras que tal obligación no es extensiva para el caso de la eugenesia positiva. Esto implica que no es posible exigir un presunto derecho a ser desgraciado ni desde el punto de vista de los padres ni desde el punto de vista de los futuros hijos para el caso de la eugenesia negativa, en tanto que para el caso de la eugenesia positiva el derecho a ser desgraciados parece ser más defendible. Palabras clave: Eugenesia, genoma humano, principio preventivo, Singer, Nussbaum**********************************************************Is it possible to claim a alleged right to be disgraced? The “happy world” of eugenicsAbstractIn the discussion about the ethical implications of genetic engineering it is usual to distinguish between negative and positive eugenics. Negative eugenics refers to genetic imperfections correction procedures, which aim to avoid or minimize the transmission of hereditary diseases. Positive eugenics consists in the improvement or optimization of features considered desirable (as beauty or intelligence). One thing is to repair, for therapeutic purposes, a genetic error, and another to genetically improve a feature considered good and desirable. In this sense one could ask if it is a moral duty to avoid, through genetic engineering, impairments in newborns, saving them from an unfortunate life; and if there is also an equivalent moral duty to guarantee that children possess beauty and intelligence. This paper aims to answer both questions through an evaluation of the arguments for and against eugenics proposed by Singer and Nussbaum. I will hold that though there is a moral obligation to apply negative eugenics, this kind of obligation is not present in the case of positive eugenics. This implies that it is not possible to demand a presumed right to be miserable, either from the parent’s or the future children’s point of view, in the case of negative eugenics, although this presumed right to be miserable seems to be more defensible in the case of positive eugenics. Key words: Eugenics, human genome, preventive principle, Singer, Nussbaum.**********************************************************É possível reclamar um alegado direito a ser desgraçado? O “mundo feliz” da eugenesiaResumoNa discussão sobre as implicações éticas da engenharia genética é frequente estabelecer uma diferenciação entre eugenesia negativa e eugenesia positiva. A eugenesia negativa está conformada pelos procedimentos orientados a corrigir defeitos genéticos, ou seja, evitar ou minimizar a transmissão de doenças hereditárias. A eugenesia positiva consiste em potenciar ou aperfeiçoar caracteres que se consideram desejáveis (beleza ou inteligência). Uma coisa é reparar, com fins terapêuticos, um erro genético, e outra coisa é melhorar geneticamente um traço que se considera bom ou desejável, Nesse sentido é possível perguntar: há o dever moral de evitar, mediante a engenharia genética, que as crianças nasçam com incapacidades e não sejam condenados a uma vida de desgraça? Ou há também um dever moral equivalente de que as crianças possuam beleza e inteligência? O presente texto procura responder ambas as questões mediante uma avaliação dos argumentos em prol e em contra da eugenesia desenvolvidos por Singer e Nussbaum. Vou suster que há uma obrigação moral de aplicar a eugenesia negativa, enquanto que tal obrigação não é extensiva para o caso da eugenesia positiva. Isto implica que não é possível exigir um pressuposto direito a ser desgraçado nem desde o ponto de vista dos pais nem desde o ponto de vista dos futuros filhos no caso da eugenesia negativa, em tanto que no caso da eugenesia positiva o direito a ser desgraçados parece ser mais defendível. Palavras chave: Eugenesia, genoma humano, princípio preventivo, Singer, Nussbaum.


2019 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
María del Socorro MoraC de Asmat

Pedro Azabache Bustamante (1918-2012) fue un reconocido maestro indigenista, discípulo directo del fundador del movimiento, José Sabogal (1888-1956). Este artículo es una reflexión sobre su vida y obra desde un punto de vista psicobiológico y neuroestético. Palabras clave: Pedro Azabache, Indigenismo, Moche, maestro, personalidad, memoria, tradición, juego neuroestético AbstractPedro Azabache Bustamante (1918-2012) was a renowned Indigenist Master, direct disciple of the founder of the movement, José Sabogal (1888-1956). This article is a collection of thoughts on the life and work of Pedro Azabache from a psychobiological and neurasthenic point of view. Key words: Pedro Azabache, Indigenism, Moche, master, personality, memory, tradition, neuroaesthetics game


ZARCH ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Zaparaín Hernández

Muchas de las imágenes con las que Le Corbusier construyó su paisaje urbano procedían de las infraestructuras elevadas. Estas le aportaron dos visiones novedosas: se sustituía al tradicional observador a ras de suelo por la vista de pájaro y se superaba el estatismo de la perspectiva focal con un travelling dinámico desde el automóvil. Para conseguirlo, tomó prestada de la ingeniería civil la idea de crear una plataforma sobre pilotis, en la que disponer los edificios y las calles. Empleó la superposición de usos que permitía esa sección como instrumento urbanístico para zonificar y separar las circulaciones de lo habitacional. Esa plataforma, que al principio se limitaba al nivel inferior, evolucionó inspirándose en autopistas y puentes para definir algunos recursos plásticos que luego fueron imprescindibles en su arquitectura, como el viaducto habitado o la rampa, siempre asociados al movimiento y con dimensión territorial. De este análisis se desprende la habilidad corbuseriana para traducir las nuevas tecnologías a formas verdaderamente abstractas, su versatilidad para usar a diversas escalas los mismos elementos, la fidelidad a sus sistemas característicos y la capacidad para generar grandes iconos de la modernidad mediante la eficaz combinación propagandística de imágenes, gráficos y eslóganes. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, ciudad, infraestructuras, circulaciones, viaductos Many of the images used by Le Corbusier to depict his urban landscape are from the high ways and bridges. This allowed him to change the traditional point of view in two ways: replacing the traditional observer at ground level by the bird's eye and changing the statism of the focal perspective which was replaced with a dynamic traveling from the car. To do this, he borrowed from civil engineering the idea of ​​creating a platform of pilotis, and to putting up the buildings and the streets. He used the superposition of uses that allowed that section as an urban planning instrument to zoning and separate the circulations of the housing. This platform, which at first was limited to the lower level, evolved inspired by motorways and bridges to define some plastic resources that were then essential in its architecture, such as the inhabited viaduct or ramp, always associated with movement and territorial dimension. This analysis reveals the ability of Le Corbusier to translate new technologies into truly abstract forms, his versatility to use the same elements at different scales, his fidelity to their characteristic systems and his ability to generate great icons of modernity through the effective combination of propaganda, images, graphics and slogans. Key words: Le Corbusier, city, road infrastructure, circulation, viaduct


2021 ◽  
pp. 91-130
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz

We intend to analyze the plausibility of the two kind of ethical justi-fications that are most commonly used in order to defend the concept of an «intellectual property» of copyrights. Firstly, we will examine justifications of property based on natural law, like the one originally provided by John Locke. We will argue, with the help of authors like Lysander Spooner, that the same arguments that Locke uses for property in general are entirely appli-cable to intellectual property, although this is certainly a peculiar kind of property. Secondly, we will examine whether or not we can apply to inte-llectual property the same two arguments that Utilitarian authors use for justifying property in general: the «tragedy of the commons» argument and the scarcity argument. We will claim that the first one is fully pertinent here, and that the second one is not: but this is a problem of that kind of justifi-cation of property in general, and not a problem of intellectual property as such. Key words: Intellectual property, copyright, Ethics, John Locke, Lysander Spoo-ner, Benjamin Tucker, plagiarism, Utilitarianism, iusnaturalism, natural law, commons, scarcity. Código JEL: Z0. Resumen: Se trata aquí de examinar cuán razonables resultan los dos tipos más frecuentes de justificaciones éticas que se suelen dar para abogar a favor de la existencia de una propiedad intelectual de los derechos de autor. En primer lugar, analizaremos las justificaciones de corte iusnaturalista, re-montables a John Locke. Defenderemos, con ayuda de autores como Lysan-der Spooner, que, aun cuando la propiedad intelectual es un tipo de propie-dad en cierto sentido distinto a aquella en la que Locke seguramente estaba pensando, aun así son plenamente pertinentes para ella los mismos argu-mentos que Locke ya adujo para las propiedad «material». En segundo lugar, consideraremos la aplicabilidad al caso de la propiedad intelectual de los dos argumentos utilitaristas que se suelen usar con miras a justificar la propiedad privada en general: el argumento de la «tragedia» de los bie-nes comunales y el de la escasez de recursos. Argüiremos que el primer tipo de argumento es plenamente aplicable al caso de la propiedad de dere-chos de autor; y que, aunque el segundo ciertamente no lo es, en todo caso ello no representa seguramente un problema para la propiedad intelectual, sino para la capacidad de ese argumento a la hora de dar cumplida cuen-ta de todos los tipos de propiedades existentes. Palabras clave: Propiedad intelectual, derechos de autor, ética, John Locke, Lysander Spooner, Benjamin Tucker, plagio, utilitarismo, iusnaturalismo, dere-cho natural, bienes comunales, escasez.


2021 ◽  
pp. 39-72
Author(s):  
Cristina Lozano González

This article briefly explains how the theory of the Austrian School and the Feminist Theory intertwine following, in this last theory, one of the fundamental authors, Betty Friedan. Beyond the typical interpretations about the feminist movement as a left-wing ideology, it is underlined, the importance of the role in the right to the private property concerning the development of its proposals and the need that economic freedom exists to promote the wealthness to all the citizens. Key words: State, Freedom, Equality, Capitalism, Right, Education, Private Property, Feminism, Evolution of Society, Justice. JEL Classification: P1. Resumen: En este artículo se explica brevemente cómo se entrelaza la teoría de la Escuela Austriaca con la teoría feminista, siguiendo, en esta última corriente, a una de sus autoras fundamentales, Betty Friedan. Yendo más allá de las interpretaciones típicas sobre el movimiento feminista como una ideología de izquierdas, se resalta la importancia del papel del dere-cho a la propiedad privada en el desarrollo de sus propuestas y la necesi-dad de que exista libertad económica para fomentar la riqueza de toda la ciudadanía. Palabras clave: Estado, Libertad, Igualdad, Capitalismo, Derecho, Educación, Propiedad Privada, Feminismo, Avance Social, Justicia. Clasificación JEL: P1.


ECA Sinergia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladys Saltos Briones ◽  
Silvia Odriozola Guitart ◽  
Maritza Ortiz Torres

  En el mundo contemporáneo, cada vez con mayor fuerza, el conocimiento se convierte en un elemento fundamental para los procesos de desarrollo, lo cual ha ido transformando el rol de las universidades en sus vínculos con la sociedad. En este contexto, la participación del gobierno, así como del sistema empresarial, se torna igualmente relevante, dando lugar a diversos modelos de vinculación entre todos estos actores. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito fundamental la sistematización, desde el punto de vista teórico-metodológico e histórico, de las bases conceptuales para la vinculación universidad-empresa-gobierno, así como de los modelos de vinculación derivados de la experiencia internacional. Ambos tópicos son abordados en los dos apartados que conforman el artículo.   Palabras clave: Vinculación, Universidad, Empresa, Gobierno   ABSTRACT In the contemporary world, knowledge is increasingly becoming a fundamental element for development processes, which has been transforming the role of universities in their links with society. In this context, the participation of the government, as well as of the industry, becomes equally relevant, giving rise to diverse models of linkage between all these actors. Taking into account the above, the present work has as its fundamental purpose the systematization, from the theoretical-methodological and historical point of view, of the conceptual bases for the university-industry-government linkage, as well as of the linking models derived from the international experience. Both topics are addressed in the two sections that make up the article.   Key words: Linkage, University, Industry, Government  


Author(s):  
Thomas Apolte

Creation of ownership structures under private law as well as market liberalization can be seen as central to transformation. This chapter examines how private property rights, among others, encourage economic efficiency, strengthen economic competition, make businesses subject to the discipline of the market, and create a capital market. The emergence and development of a property rights structure at a given point in time is always also the result of a conflictual history. One of the advantages of a developed market economy is that conflictual resource acquisition lies in the past and has ceased to play a significant role in the recognition of the existing distribution of wealth. It is astonishing how little conflict was caused by post-socialist privatization.


2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Zerbe

The development of the concept of farmers' rights in the Food and Agriculture Organization, and its adoption by the African Union as a counterbalance to the private property rights of plant breeders, highlights the divisiveness of the question of ownership in biodiversity and biotechnology. This article examines the development of the African Model Law, a regional regime intended to promote indigenous control over local biodiversity. The principal argument is that key nongovernmental organizations were able to draw on African efforts and concerns regarding conceptions of private property rights embodied in international agreements, framing the question of farmers' rights in a way that spoke to the African experience. Farmers' rights thus came to be a focal point for African negotiators at international discussions on intellectual property rights and biodiversity, enabling Africa to take a key role in the articulation of alternatives to the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement.


10.1068/c13s ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Cullet

The increasing economic importance of biological resources and, in particular, knowledge related to these resources, has made the allocation of property rights one of the most contentious issues in the debate concerning biodiversity management at the international level. The author surveys the different property-rights regimes developed to regulate access to and control over biological resources, and the relevant international instruments and institutions. He argues that the overemphasis on private property rights regimes, in particular monopoly intellectual property rights such as patents, has been inimical to the sustainable management of biological resources at local and international levels. He suggests ways to allocate property rights so as to promote forms of biodiversity management that are both socially equitable and environmentally sustainable, and analyses some of the recent developments concerning alternative forms of intellectual-property protection.


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