scholarly journals ¿Es éticamente aceptable la propiedad intelectual de los derechos de autor?

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-130
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The One

We intend to analyze the plausibility of the two kind of ethical justi-fications that are most commonly used in order to defend the concept of an «intellectual property» of copyrights. Firstly, we will examine justifications of property based on natural law, like the one originally provided by John Locke. We will argue, with the help of authors like Lysander Spooner, that the same arguments that Locke uses for property in general are entirely appli-cable to intellectual property, although this is certainly a peculiar kind of property. Secondly, we will examine whether or not we can apply to inte-llectual property the same two arguments that Utilitarian authors use for justifying property in general: the «tragedy of the commons» argument and the scarcity argument. We will claim that the first one is fully pertinent here, and that the second one is not: but this is a problem of that kind of justifi-cation of property in general, and not a problem of intellectual property as such. Key words: Intellectual property, copyright, Ethics, John Locke, Lysander Spoo-ner, Benjamin Tucker, plagiarism, Utilitarianism, iusnaturalism, natural law, commons, scarcity. Código JEL: Z0. Resumen: Se trata aquí de examinar cuán razonables resultan los dos tipos más frecuentes de justificaciones éticas que se suelen dar para abogar a favor de la existencia de una propiedad intelectual de los derechos de autor. En primer lugar, analizaremos las justificaciones de corte iusnaturalista, re-montables a John Locke. Defenderemos, con ayuda de autores como Lysan-der Spooner, que, aun cuando la propiedad intelectual es un tipo de propie-dad en cierto sentido distinto a aquella en la que Locke seguramente estaba pensando, aun así son plenamente pertinentes para ella los mismos argu-mentos que Locke ya adujo para las propiedad «material». En segundo lugar, consideraremos la aplicabilidad al caso de la propiedad intelectual de los dos argumentos utilitaristas que se suelen usar con miras a justificar la propiedad privada en general: el argumento de la «tragedia» de los bie-nes comunales y el de la escasez de recursos. Argüiremos que el primer tipo de argumento es plenamente aplicable al caso de la propiedad de dere-chos de autor; y que, aunque el segundo ciertamente no lo es, en todo caso ello no representa seguramente un problema para la propiedad intelectual, sino para la capacidad de ese argumento a la hora de dar cumplida cuen-ta de todos los tipos de propiedades existentes. Palabras clave: Propiedad intelectual, derechos de autor, ética, John Locke, Lysander Spooner, Benjamin Tucker, plagio, utilitarismo, iusnaturalismo, dere-cho natural, bienes comunales, escasez.

El lenguaje como institución. Una aproximación de su función evolutiva, económica y política desde una perspectiva austriaca

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-340
Author(s):  
Nicolás Daniel Fernández Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
De Re ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Problem

In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).

scholarly journals El monopolio de las ideas: Contra la Propiedad Intelectual

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-104
Author(s):  
Albert Esplugas
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Palabras Clave

This paper presents a critique of intellectual property from an ethical and economical point of view. Once patents and copyrights are characterized as a monopolies of ideas, it is argued that intellectual pro-perty violates private property rights in its original meaning and it is not based in real scarcity but creates artificial scarcity instead. In addition, the paper challenges intellectual property as an incentive to innovation and studies the several costs of this kind of regulation. Eventually, diffe-rent market alternatives to tackle the free-riding problem are explored. Key words: intelectual property, patents, copyrights, private property, scar-city, public good, innovation incentives, market economy. Clasificación JEL: O310, O320, O340, H410. Resumen: En este trabajo se presenta una crítica a la propiedad intelec-tual desde una perspectiva ética y económica. Tras caracterizar las paten-tes y los copyrights como monopolios sobre ideas, se arguye que la pro-piedad intelectual viola el derecho de propiedad privada en su sentido tradicional y crea una escasez artificial en lugar de fundarse sobre la esca-sez. Se cuestiona, asimismo, que la propiedad intelectual suponga un incen-tivo a la creación, estudiando los distintos costes de una regulación de este tipo. Por último se mencionan varias alternativas de mercado para hacer frente a los problemas de free-riding. Palabras clave: propiedad intelectual, patentes, copyrights, propiedad privada, escasez, bien público, incentivos a la innovación, mercado.

scholarly journals MAPPING AND PROTECTING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT IN THE FIELD OF THE TRADITIONAL BATIK DESIGN OF TIRTOMOYO AS THE CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE LOCAL GENIUS IN THE CREATIVE INDRUSTRIAL ERA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarwono
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Intellectual Property Right ◽  
Cultural Expression ◽  
The One ◽  
Local Government Policy

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>            In order to provide the protection to the “traditional batik art knowledge” in Tirtomoyo, Wonogiri, the local government policy rests on the </em><em>potensial of art, commerce, services, education, tourism and sports</em><em>.Here, it can be drawn the real purpose, that is to develop, to conserve, and to protect the traditional knowledge as the heritage and cultural expression, especially the traditional knowledge. I</em><em>n th</em><em>is</em><em> case</em><em>, the Intellectual Property Right protection and its all varieties should be applied on the traditional intellectual art. However, it has not yet manifested the regional regulation on the Intellectual Property Right, especially the protection to the traditional knowledge.         There has not been confirmation about what institutions will be responsible or what kind of agencies will be involved in providing the protection to the traditional knowledge, like the batik art, dance art, and others, so that they don’t seem loose accountability in handling it. The policy on the Intellectual Property Right, especially the one related to the traditional knowledge, is still partial or supplement. The Industry and Trade Department of Wonogiri regency, which handles the micro and medium industry field and is not related directly to the batik handicraft industry, has planned to make a program of batik handicraft industry as the regional superior. </em></p><strong><em>Key words: Intellectual Property Right, Traditional knowledge, Batik Art.</em></strong>

Restoring Catharine Macaulay’s Enlightenment Republicanism?

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Karen Green ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Commons

Can Catharine Macaulay’s enlightenment democratic republicanism be justified from the point of view of contemporary naturalism? Naturalist accounts of political authority tend to be realist and pessimistic, foreclosing the possibility of enlightenment. Macaulay’s utopian political philosophy relies on belief in a good God, whose existence underpins the possibility of moral and political progress. This paper attempts a restoration of her optimistic utopianism in a reconciliation, grounded in a revision of natural law, of naturalist and utopian attitudes to political theory. It is proposed that the coevolution of language, moral law, and conscience (the disposition to judge one’s own actions in the light of moral principles) can be explained as solutions to the kinds of tragedy of the commons situations facing our ancestors. Moral dispositions evolved, but, in the light of its function, law is subject to rational critique. Liberal democracy plausibly offers the best prospect for developing rationally justifiable law.

scholarly journals Crítica a la teoría neo-ricardiana (y clásica) del valor

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Juan Ramón Rallo Julián
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Labor Theory ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Carl Menger ◽  
The One ◽  
Ricardian Theory

The marginalist and subjectivist revolution led by Carl Menger during the second half of the nineteenth century turned Economics into a science. However, classical value theory did not completely fade away and it has been trying continiously to replace subjetivist theory. The most serious and exhaustive attempt to recover classical value theory in its Ricardian version was the one developed by the italian economist Piero Sraffa. This article seeks to rebut the neo-Ricardian theory of value, while vindicating the Austrian theory of value, even inside the constrains of the former. Key words: Piero Sraffa, Neo-Ricardianism, Value Theory, Subjetivism, Mar-ginalism, Labor Theory. JEL Classification: B24, B51, D46, E43. Resumen: La revolución marginalista y subjetivista liderada por Carl Menger durante la segunda mitad del s. XIX sentó las bases para que la economía pudiera considerarse realmente una ciencia. Sin embargo, la teoría clásica del valor nunca terminó de desaparecer de la escena y en sus muy diversas manifestaciones siguió intentando sobreponerse a la teoría subjetivista. El intento más serio y exhaustivo de resucitar la teoría clásica del valor en su versión ricardiana fue la del economista italiano Piero Sraffa. En este artí-culo se pretende refutar la teoría neorricardiana y reivindicar, incluso dentro de los presupuestos de esta última, la teoría austriaca del valor. Palabras clave: Piero Sraffa, Neorricardianismo, Teoría del Valor, Subjetivismo, Marginalismo, Valor Trabajo. Clasificación JEL: B24, B51, D46, E43.

scholarly journals 2012: Ideas Mayas Acerca De La Renovación Cí­clica Del Universo

Xihmai ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Alberto Morales Damián
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Global Crisis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

2012:  IDEAS  MAYAS  ACERCA  DE  LA  RENOVACIÓN CíCLICA DEL UNIVERSO. 2012:                MAYA‟S    CIVILIZATION     IDEAS   ABOUT    THE CYCLIC RENEWAL OF THE UNIVERSE.       Resumen El pensamiento maya con respecto a la astronomí­a y el calendario poseen una gran originalidad y corresponden a una forma de entender la realidad completamente  diferente  a  la  del  pensamiento  occidental.  Los  mayas conciben que el tiempo está sujeto a recurrencias cí­clicas (dí­a-noche, año solar, perí­odos de 52 años), cada una de las cuales supone la destrucción y renovación del cosmos. Por otra parte, las supuestas profecí­as mayas acerca de un evento astronómico el próximo 21 de diciembre de 2012, en realidad no son acordes a la cosmovisión maya prehispánica, coinciden sin embargo con temores milenaristas propios del pensamiento occidental que se agudizan en una época de crisis global.   Palabras Clave: Mayas, religión, astronomí­a, profecí­as del 2012.   Abstract Mayan  thought  in  respect  to  astronomy  and  the  calendar  have  a  great originality and correspond to a way of understanding a complete different reality to the one of the western thought. Mayan people conceive that time is subject to cycle recurrences (day-night, solar year, and periods of 52 years), each one supposes destruction and renovation of cosmos. On the other hand, the supposed Mayan prophecies about an astronomical event next December 21st  2012, do not in fact agree with the view of the world of the pre Hispanic Mayans, however they coincide with millennial fear proper of the western thought that worsen in this times of global crisis.   Key words: Mayans, religion, astronomy, 2012 prophecies.      

Give Us Back Our Tragedy: Nonrivalry in Intellectual Property Law and Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Bracha
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Information Goods ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Distinct Category ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Commons

Abstract Information goods form the most distinct category of nonrival resources in regard to which one person’s ability to use the resource is not lessened by another person’s use. Nonrival goods are not subject to the tragedy of the commons and as a result the most common modern justification for property rights is absent in regard to them. Therefore intellectual property rights, unlike many other property rights, may perform a beneficial function only with respect to the dynamic incentive to produce information goods. With respect to static use of existing information, intellectual property rights serve no beneficial function and always have a negative effect. This fundamental and ostensibly well-understood element of intellectual property theory has important implications for the policy analysis of intellectual property rights compared to other institutional alternatives (including a commons) and for the design of such rights. Because it poses a fundamental challenge to the idea of a uniform theory of property, the assumption of nonrivalry of information has been subjected to attacks by scholars who sought to introduce the tragedy of the commons to this realm and reintegrate intellectual property rights into standard property analysis. Other scholarship rejects the attacks on nonrivalry but often obscures the full implications of this feature of information goods. This article explains the centrality of nonrivalry in the policy analysis of information goods and the challenge it poses to a unified theory built on the concept of the tragedy of the commons. It explains the unfortunate tendency to obscure the full implications of nonrivalry, explores the various attempts to restore a tragedy of the commons framework to the analysis of information goods, and exposes the flaws of these arguments. The article concludes by explaining the implications of the nonrivalry of information goods for a properly understood general theory of property built around the salient positive and normative features of resources.

scholarly journals On the role of hypocrisy in escaping the tragedy of the commons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Korman ◽  
Robin Vacus
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
Dynamic Network Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The One

AbstractWe study the emergence of cooperation in large spatial public goods games. Without employing severe social-pressure against “defectors”, or alternatively, significantly rewarding “cooperators”, theoretical models typically predict a system collapse in a way that is reminiscent of the “tragedy-of-the-commons” metaphor. Drawing on a dynamic network model, this paper demonstrates how cooperation can emerge when the social-pressure is mild. This is achieved with the aid of an additional behavior called “hypocrisy”, which appears to be cooperative from the external observer’s perspective but in fact hardly contributes to the social-welfare. Our model assumes that social-pressure is induced over both defectors and hypocritical players, though the extent of which may differ. Our main result indicates that the emergence of cooperation highly depends on the extent of social-pressure applied against hypocritical players. Setting it to be at some intermediate range below the one employed against defectors allows a system composed almost exclusively of defectors to transform into a fully cooperative one quickly. Conversely, when the social-pressure against hypocritical players is either too low or too high, the system remains locked in a degenerate configuration.

scholarly journals Misión planes de estudio: Formar en Ética y Valores al estudiantado de Enfermería

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Leticia Cuevas Guajardo ◽  
Dulce María Guillén Cadena ◽  
Dinora Valadez Díaz ◽  
Javier Alonso Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

<div>RESUMEN</div><div>En este mundo moderno en el que vivimos actualmente se ha hablado mucho de que la sociedad pasa por una &ldquo;crisis de valores&rdquo;; por suerte la profesi&oacute;n de enfermer&iacute;a ha conservado sus principios filos&oacute;ficos fundamentados en el humanismo, aunque al correr de los a&ntilde;os estos hayan cambiado; aun as&iacute;, para el gremio de enfermer&iacute;a, siempre ha resultado importante conservar y apegarse a un &ldquo;C&oacute;digo de Valores&rdquo; que norma la profesi&oacute;n. El objetivo de esta investigaci&oacute;n fue el de distinguir en los Planes de Estudio de diferentes universidades de M&eacute;xico que imparten la Licenciatura en Enfermer&iacute;a la importancia que le brindan a formar en valores a sus estudiantes por medio de asignaturas en &Eacute;tica, Axiolog&iacute;a, Deontolog&iacute;a o Humanismo o bien, que lo planteen en su descripci&oacute;n aunque no le den el nombre propiamente de &Eacute;tica u otro con igual significado.</div><div>El 96.5% de los Planes de Estudio revisados citaron aspectos &eacute;ticos y de valores en la formaci&oacute;n que ofrecen a las y los estudiantes. Por lo que la misi&oacute;n de los Planes de Estudio revisados en cuestiones &eacute;ticas se cumple.</div><div><br /></div><div>PALABRAS CLAVE</div><div>&Eacute;tica, valores, misi&oacute;n de planes de estudio.</div><div><br /></div><div>SUMMARY</div><div>In this modern world in that we lived at the moment it has spoken much of which the society happens through a &ldquo;crisis of values&rdquo;; luckily the infirmary profession has conserved its philosophical principles based on the humanism, although when running of the years these have changed; even so, for the infirmary union, always it has been important to conserve and to become attached themselves to a &ldquo;Code of Values&rdquo; that norm the profession. The objective of this investigation was the one to distinguish in the Curricula of different universities from Mexico that distribute the Degree in Infirmary the importance that offers him to form in values to their students by means of subjets in Ethics, Axiollogy, Deontology or Humanism or, that raises it in their description although they properly do not give the name him of Ethics or another one with equal meaning.</div><div>In this Evaluativa Investigation the 96,5% of the reviewed Curricula mentioned ethical aspects and of values in the formation that offer to and the students. Reason why the mission shaped in the reviewed Curricula in ethical questions is fulfilled.</div><div><br /></div><div>KEY WORDS</div><div>Ethics, Values, Mission, Curricula.</div>

scholarly journals Juan de Lugo y la libertad en Economía. El análisis económico escolástico en transición

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-244
Author(s):  
Fabio Monsalve Serrano ◽  
Óscar De-Juan
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
The Will

Following Odd Langholm certain ideas of Lugo presents this scho-lar as an author in transition between scholastic and natural law philosophers paradigms. The key point is the depersonalization or the objectivization of the economy characterized by the disappearance of the interpersonal eco-nomic relations and the necessity as a condition of the will and of the co-venants validity. These ideas appear on Lugo writings over the will and the keeping covenants. This paper revise Langholm thesis. The authors agreeing over the second item, not fully over the first one. Anyway, this «new ideas» are a Lugo attempt to fit the new economic reality with the scholastic legacy, where he belongs to. Key words: History of Economic Thought, dominant position, ethics and justice. Códigos JEL: B11, D42, Z10. Resumen: Odd Langholm reconoce en Lugo ciertas ideas que lo presen-tan como un autor en transición entre el paradigma escolástico y el de los filósofos del derecho natural. El elemento central de esta transición es la despersonalización u objetivación de la economía caracterizada por la desaparición de la dimensión interpersonal en las relaciones económicas y de la necesidad como condicionante de la voluntad y de la validez de los contratos. Estas ideas se hacen patentes en Lugo en el tratamiento de la voluntad y en el del cumplimiento de los contratos. En este trabajo se revisa la tesis de Langholm concluyendo que en el primer caso la ruptu-ra no es radical, pero sí en el segundo. En cualquier caso, las «nuevas ideas» en Lugo son un intento de armonizar la nueva realidad económi-ca con la tradición escolástica, a la que pertenece. Palabras clave: Historia del pensamiento económico, posición dominante, ética y justicia.

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