scholarly journals Heterogeneous entrepreneurship and the Sunday Times Rich List

2021 ◽  
pp. 411-428
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Evans Evans ◽  
Toby Baxendale
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Employment History ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Economics Profession ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Methodological Debate

It may appear surprising that economists devote such little attention to the heterogeneity nature of entrepreneurship, however there are several possible explanations. The concept represents a well-known tension between typical economic theory and the concept of entrepreneurship itself. When Baumol (1968) and Kirz-ner (1973) wrote their seminal works they were attempting to respond to a perceived neglect of the entrepreneur within neo classical economics. The explosion of entrepreneurship re search since then has not been comfortably reconciled with for mal mo - dels, and indeed empirical studies have a tendency to lapse into psychological profiling. It might be argued that such profiling (be it in terms of gender, race, age, experience, education, IQ, marital status, employment history, etc) does make entrepreneurs hetero - geneous, however this differs from the way in which we use the term. «Heterogeneity» does not merely mean «differentiated» but ties into a deeper methodological debate about the nature of scientific analysis. In short, heterogeneity is an aspect of the broa - der concept of subjectivism. At a basic level subjectivism implies that individuals can interpret events in different ways, and as a consequence of this we expect a diversity of action that is glossed over when people are modelled as homogenous agents. Having said this, it’s important to recognise the diversity of approaches and methodologies within the economics profession. For example, although the neoclassical system is liable to eschew premises that aren’t tractable, Austrian-school economists do tend to emphasise subjectivism and heterogeneity. But whilst this is strikingly evident in capital theory (see Lachmann 1956) it is cu-rious to note that a similar attitude towards entrepreneurs them - selves is underplayed. In short, since Austrians emphasise the functional qualities of entrepreneurship they treat entrepreneurs as homogenous blobs. This paper intends to strike a middle ground between homogeneity and psychological particularism by de-constructing the entrepreneur (Evans and Baxendale 2008).

Concept Formation in Normative and Empirical Studies: Toward Reconciliation in Political Theory

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Kalleberg
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
New Science ◽  
General Plane ◽  
Methodological Debate

Despite the fact that the study of politics has become increasingly empirical, quantitative and “behavioral” in recent years, and despite the apparently increasing tendency to feel that whatever meaningful debate ever existed between the behavioralists and the anti-behavioralists has ended, should end, or at least has become irrelevant since a more sophisticated and empirically productive behavioralism now predominates in virtually all fields of the discipline, the methodological debate continues, diminished perhaps in quantity but not in intensity.This essay is based on the assumption that the antagonists concerned with the methodological issues raised by the “new science of politics” have but rarely focused precisely on the arguments raised by their opponents. A second motivating assumption is that nothing constructive, conciliatory or conducive to the integration of the discipline can be done “until the issues have been squarely confronted on the basic and general plane of philosophy….” A thorough analysis of all of the meaningful issues involved can only be a task of long-range proportions. But in the hope of bringing about some degree of communication, if not reconciliation, it is my intention in this essay to bring one of these issues into sharper focus, to show that almost despite themselves, some of the critics and proponents of the “new science of politics” have addressed themselves to the problem of concept formation, and that despite their proclaimed differences are talking at cross-purposes about a similar problem. Indeed, it will be seen that the conflict between the “traditionalists” and the “behavioralists” is utterly dependent—in the area of concept formation—upon an outmoded positivistic interpretation of behavioral science and a misguided reaction on the part of some political theorists to that obsolete conception.

scholarly journals 60 Years of Human Capital Theory: Applying Classical Theory to the Analysis of the Modern Labor Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
O. A. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Human Capital Theory ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
General Management

In this study, the author analyzes new trends in the development of the human capital theory and offers an interdisciplinary approach to the application of the human capital concept for the analysis of the modern labor market and labor relations. Over the 60 years of its existence, the theory of human capital has not only been tested in numerous empirical studies, but also received further theoretical development due to the inclusion of scientific insights from related fields, such as social psychology, organizational behavior, economic sociology, human resource management, strategic and general management. An integrated approach to the study of human capital allows us to expand our understanding of the role that an individual plays in the production process and its impact on the economic outcomes of organizational activities.

The Determinants of Information Technology Wages

2012 ◽  
pp. 32-49
Author(s):  
Jing ("Jim") Quan ◽  
Ronald Dattero ◽  
Stuart D. Galup ◽  
Kewal Dhariwal
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Human Capital Theory ◽  
Organization Size ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
Industry Type ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Managerial Positions

Anchoring this work to the classical human capital theory, the authors examine the effects of various human capital factors on IT professional compensation. Dividing IT salary into LOW (<$75,000) and HIGH (>=$75,000) ranges and using binomial logistic regression analysis, this paper estimates the effects of IT experience, education, IT degrees, IT certifications, and managerial positions on the probabilities of earning low wages in comparison to high wages, while controlling for industry type, organization size and location, gender, and marital status. Results indicate that the most important factors associated with high salaries are managerial positions, IT experience, education, and organization size. Practical advice is given on how IT professionals can employ these results to increase their compensation.

Racial Differences in Civic Participation and Charitable Giving: The Confounding Effects of Educational Attainment and Unmeasured Ability

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Brown ◽  
Rosanna Smart
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Race Effects ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Innate Ability

In this paper we use human capital theory to follow the links from educational attainment to civic engagement, and to other pro-social behaviors such as charitable giving and volunteering, and in so doing we offer a cautionary explanation for observed racial differences in civic participation, giving, and volunteering. Our argument is that when, in a racialized society such as the U.S., the costs and benefits of education differ by race, and when innate ability is an unmeasured source of heterogeneity across individuals, controlling for educational attainment and not for ability will create spurious race effects in empirical studies of behaviors that depend on both education and ability. Because (1) blacks at any level of educational attainment are predicted to be of higher average ability than equally educated whites and (2) higher ability is associated with higher levels of civic participation, a regression of civic participation on educational attainment and race will produce a positive coefficient on the dummy variable that takes on a value of one if the subject is African American. Using data from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, we find strong support for the interpretation of race effects as spurious artifacts of having included data on educational attainment without measures of innate ability.

What is Social Capital? A Comprehensive Review of the Concept

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humnath Bhandari ◽  
Kumi Yasunobu
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Trust Networks ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Collective Levels

AbstractSocial capital is an old concept but it entered into academic and policy debates only in 1990s. Its importance in explaining economic and social phenomena have been increasingly felt in recent years. Literature on theoretical and empirical aspects of social capital grew significantly during last decade. The whole notion of social capital is centred on social relationships and its major elements include social networks, civic engagement, norms of reciprocity, and generalised trust. Broadly speaking, it is defined as a collective asset in the form of shared norms, values, beliefs, trust, networks, social relations, and institutions that facilitate cooperation and collective action for mutual benefits. It is a complex multidimensional concept having different dimensions, types, and levels of measurement. Common types of social capital include: structure and cognitive; bonding, bridging, and linking; strong and weak; and horizontal and vertical. It can be measured and analysed at individual- and collective-levels in terms of social perspective and micro-, meso- and macro-levels in terms of geographic perspective. The properties of social capital, such as capacity to appear in as an explanatory variable in the production function, accumulation over time, capability of improving economic performance, investment with expected future returns, convertibility, and the need of maintenance, make it qualify as a form of capital, though there are some criticisms about the use of term 'capital' in social capital. Research on social capital remains in its initial stage and the concept is still elusive, prone to contextual definition, deficient in common measurement indicators, inability to explicitly quantify effects, and subject to various criticisms. Conceptual and measurement imprecision has led the concept prone to vague interpretation, less empirical application, and underestimation of its value. More empirical studies and testing of the concept on the ground is needed to develop a commonly accepted definition and measurement indicators that can explicitly disentangle and quantify its effects on overall development processes. Better conceptualisation and operationalisation of social capital theory is helpful to attract more investment on its development, design appropriate social policies, and promote sustainable development.

The Determinants of Information Technology Wages

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-65
Author(s):  
Jing ("Jim") Quan ◽  
Ronald Dattero ◽  
Stuart D. Galup ◽  
Kewal Dhariwal
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Human Capital Theory ◽  
It Professionals ◽  
Organization Size ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Industry Type ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Managerial Positions

Anchoring this work to the classical human capital theory, the authors examine the effects of various human capital factors on IT professional compensation. Dividing IT salary into LOW (<$75,000) and HIGH (>=$75,000) ranges and using binomial logistic regression analysis, this paper estimates the effects of IT experience, education, IT degrees, IT certifications, and managerial positions on the probabilities of earning low wages in comparison to high wages, while controlling for industry type, organization size and location, gender, and marital status. Results indicate that the most important factors associated with high salaries are managerial positions, IT experience, education, and organization size. Practical advice is given on how IT professionals can employ these results to increase their compensation.

Fisher and Veblen: Two Paths for American Economics

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Dimand
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Journal Editor ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Political ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Thorstein Veblen ◽  
Hyman Minsky ◽  
Economics Profession ◽  
Economic Inquiry

In the early years of the twentieth century, two outspoken and brilliant American economists, Thorstein Veblen and Irving Fisher, offered sharply-contrasting visions of how the discipline of economics should be transformed. Each taught at a leading university and had added prominence as a journal editor, but pursued economic inquiry in ways alien to senior colleagues at his university and in the profession at large. Despite the gulf separating their approaches to economics, they had been doctoral students of the same mentor, William Graham Sumner of Yale, and had each been deeply influenced by Sumner. This paper uses the exchange on neoclassical capital theory between Veblen and Fisher in the Political Science Quarterly in 1908 and 1909 to illuminate their approaches to economics and to question why the American economics profession came to follow Fisher's path–even though Veblen, unlike Fisher, attracted devoted disciples and was considered in American social thought (excepting academic economists) as the standard-bearer of “the New Economics.” Despite Veblen's antipathy to those aspects of Fisher's work that became dominant in mainstream economics, there was a close affinity between Veblen's Theory of Business Enterprise (1904) and Fisher's debt-deflation theory of depressions, which remained (until very recently) outside the mainstream and has been taken up by such heterodox economists as Hyman Minsky.

Nethnography and Social Network Analysis for Studying Online Social Space

2022 ◽  
pp. 227-247
Author(s):  
Gloria Ziglioli ◽  
Alhassan Yakubu Alhassan
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Social Spaces ◽  
Methodological Debate

This chapter contributes to the current methodological debate on digital, internet-based studies in social research. Based upon an introductive analysis of the research's perspectives, trajectories, and stages that have brought the online social spaces into social research, the chapter focuses on the advantages of combining quanti-quali approaches for approaching online complexity. In particular, the authors offer a deep discussion concerning the value, the methodological, and ethical challenges of netnography and social network analysis (SNA) methods for inquiring online social research by proposing a possible emerging methodological framework guiding further empirical studies.

Might Makes Right or Right Makes Might? Two Systemic Democratic Peace Tales

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewan Harrison ◽  
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Democratic Peace ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Global Democracy ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
Liberal Peace ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Coercive Intervention

In a path-breaking article, Wade Huntley (1996) reinterpreted Immanuel Kant’s pacific union as a systemic phenomenon. Huntley’s argument spawned a new wave of inquiry into the evolutionary expansion of the democratic peace, with several empirical studies finding a positive relationship between global democracy and systemic peace (e.g. Crescenzi and Enterline 1999; Gleditsch and Hegre 1997; Kadera, Crescenzi, and Shannon 2003; Mitchell, Gates, and Hegre 1999). Yet, there are many possible theoretical explanations of this aggregate relationship. In this paper, we compare two broad theoretical tales of the systemic democratic peace. The first approach, “might makes right”, emphasizes the importance of authority for creating liberal peace, especially the role played by a democratic hegemon and liberal major powers. The second approach, “right makes might”, traces the evolution of the systemic democratic peace to shifts in morality and liberal norms, drawing from work by Rawls (1999) and Wendt (1999). We compare and contrast these two broad theoretical tales, and argue that both “might” and “right” are important to the dynamic spread of the democratic peace. We then consider possible tensions between “might” and “right” based arguments highlighted by the recent Iraq War. We argue that it is grossly over-simplistic to equate the theoretical arguments being put forward by systemic democratic peace theory with the policy prescriptions put forward by the current US administration. As an alternative to both the assertion of a general right to coercive intervention by liberal states and blanket opposition to democracy as a universal project, we present the case for a middle ground, advocating the prudent use of material levers of power by liberal states to promote democracy overseas.

scholarly journals Experts as facilitators for the implementation of social media in the library? A social network approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadewijch Vanwynsberghe ◽  
Elke Boudry ◽  
Ruben Vanderlinde ◽  
Pieter Verdegem
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Network Approach

Purpose – Based on the social capital theory, the authors assume that personal and professional experts are both relevant to people's competence development. However, to date, there is little empirical evidence of how professional experts can support, or impede, people in learning how to deal with social media. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and position of social media experts in the distribution of information on social media within the library as organization. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws upon social network and qualitative methods, within three public libraries located in Belgium. Findings – The findings suggest that as the most central actors, social media experts in a library play a significant role in either supporting or constraining the distribution of information on social media. Research limitations/implications – While the sample size was chosen to conduct a mixed methods study that would explore how the position of a social media expert in an organization such as the library facilitates or prevents the exchange of social media information, the authors acknowledge the need for large-scale empirical studies that can substantiate the findings in larger and more diverse samples. Originality/value – This unique study explores how the role and position social media experts in Belgian public libraries can support, or impede, librarians in learning how to deal with social media. This study is useful for other public libraries who want to implement social media, establish a social media policy and/or provide social media training.

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