scholarly journals Chemical Flooding Process Integration of Low Viscosity Loss Points Injection Technology Research and Application

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Zhu ◽  
F. S. Wang ◽  
D. K. Xu ◽  
C. J. Liu ◽  
Q. Z. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Integration ◽  
Chemical Flooding ◽  
Technology Research ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Injection Technology

Use of Polymer for Rehabilitation of Uneven Settlement in Concrete Roadbed Slabs of Tunnels

2015 ◽  
Vol 1129 ◽  
pp. 468-473
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Xin Guo Zheng ◽  
Shu Ming Li ◽  
Zhi Zeng ◽  
De Jun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Polymer Injection ◽  
Railway Tracks ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Injection Technology

In some tunnels of railway lines located in water-rich region, due to the long-term water leakage and erosion, the foundation of railway lines showed large uneven settlement deformation, so the above concrete roadbed slabs also experienced uneven settlement accordingly. The smoothness of railway tracks diminished, and the speed of passing trains had to be limited to ensure safety. To restore the smoothness of the tracks, a dedicated polymer injection technology for quick uplift rehabilitation of uneven settlement concrete roadbed slabs was studied on site just within the specified daily skylight time (about 3 hours every day) of the railway lines. A hydrophobic polymer with low-viscosity, quick-setting and high-strength properties was used for injecting, filling and uplifting the concrete slabs in water-rich foundations. The high-precision electronic levels were adopted to monitor rising height of the tracks in real time. After rehabilitation, the filling quality of polymer injection under roadbed slabs was examined using Φ50 mm core samples and the strength of hardened polymer was verified by compressive strength test. Results indicated that the polymer could uplift the concrete roadbed slabs effectively and restore the smoothness of railway tracks accurately even in the water-rich environment. The research can provide some valuable references for quick rehabilitation of uneven settlement concrete roadbed slabs in water-rich tunnels.

scholarly journals Experimental Microemulsion Flooding Study to Increase Low Viscosity Oil Recovery Using Glass Micromodel

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hamed Hematpur ◽  
Reza Abdollahi ◽  
Mohsen Safari-Beidokhti ◽  
Hamid Esfandyari
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Chemical Flooding ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Glass Micromodel ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
The Impact

The growing demand for clean energy can be met by improving the recovery of current resources. One of the effective methods in recovering the unswept reserves is chemical flooding. Microemulsion flooding is an alternative for surfactant flooding in a chemical-enhanced oil recovery method and can entirely sweep the remaining oil in porous media. The efficiency of microemulsion flooding is guaranteed through phase behavior analysis and customization regarding the actual field conditions. Reviewing the literature, there is a lack of experience that compared the macroscopic and microscopic efficiency of microemulsion flooding, especially in low viscous oil reservoirs. In the current study, one-quarter five-spot glass micromodel was implemented for investigating the effect of different parameters on microemulsion efficiency, including surfactant types, injection rate, and micromodel pattern. Image analysis techniques were applied to represent the phase saturations throughout the microemulsion flooding tests. The results confirm the appropriate efficiency of microemulsion flooding in improving the ultimate recovery. LABS microemulsion has the highest efficiency, and the increment of the injection rate has an adverse effect on oil recovery. According to the pore structure’s tests, it seems that permeability has little impact on recovery. The results of this study can be used in enhanced oil recovery designs in low-viscosity oil fields. It shows the impact of crucial parameters in microemulsion flooding.

The Use of Styrenes as Embedding Media for Electron Microscopy

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 488-489
Author(s):  
Edward D. De-Lamater ◽  
Eric Johnson ◽  
Thad Schoen ◽  
Cecil Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide ◽  
Methyl Ethyl ◽  
Styrene Polymerization ◽  
Radical Initiation ◽  
Tertiary Butyl ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Free Radical Initiation

Monomeric styrenes are demonstrated as excellent embedding media for electron microscopy. Monomeric styrene has extremely low viscosity and low surface tension (less than 1) affording extremely rapid penetration into the specimen. Spurr's Medium based on ERL-4206 (J.Ultra. Research 26, 31-43, 1969) is viscous, requiring gradual infiltration with increasing concentrations. Styrenes are soluble in alcohol and acetone thus fitting well into the usual dehydration procedures. Infiltration with styrene may be done directly following complete dehydration without dilution.Monomeric styrenes are usually inhibited from polymerization by a catechol, in this case, tertiary butyl catechol. Styrene polymerization is activated by Methyl Ethyl Ketone peroxide, a liquid, and probably acts by overcoming the inhibition of the catechol, acting as a source of free radical initiation.Polymerization is carried out either by a temperature of 60°C. or under ultraviolet light with wave lengths of 3400-4000 Engstroms; polymerization stops on removal from the ultraviolet light or heat and is therefore controlled by the length of exposure.

Some quantitative applications of vascular corrosion casting

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 738-739
Author(s):  
Fred E. Hossler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nuclear Orientation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Venous Valve ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Quantitative Measurements

Preparation of replicas of the complex arrangement of blood vessels in various organs and tissues has been accomplished by infusing low viscosity resins into the vasculature. Subsequent removal of the surrounding tissue by maceration leaves a model of the intricate three-dimensional anatomy of the blood vessels of the tissue not obtainable by any other procedure. When applied with care, the vascular corrosion casting technique can reveal fine details of the microvasculature including endothelial nuclear orientation and distribution (Fig. 1), locations of arteriolar sphincters (Fig. 2), venous valve anatomy (Fig. 3), and vessel size, density, and branching patterns. Because casts faithfully replicate tissue vasculature, they can be used for quantitative measurements of that vasculature. The purpose of this report is to summarize and highlight some quantitative applications of vascular corrosion casting. In each example, casts were prepared by infusing Mercox, a methyl-methacrylate resin, and macerating the tissue with 20% KOH. Casts were either mounted for conventional scanning electron microscopy, or sliced for viewing with a confocal laser microscope.

Investigation of thin sections of biological standards by EDX, EELS, and Auger electron spectroscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
S. Lehner ◽  
H.E. Bauer ◽  
R. Wurster ◽  
H. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Processing System ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Energy Filtering ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Carbon Foils ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Exchange Membrane

In order to compare different microanalytical techniques commercially available cation exchange membrane SC-1 (Stantech Inc, Palo Alto), was loaded with biologically relevant elements as Na, Mg, K, and Ca, respectively, each to its highest possible concentration, given by the number concentration of exchangeable binding sites (4 % wt. for Ca). Washing in distilled water, dehydration through a graded series of ethanol, infiltration and embedding in Spurr’s low viscosity epoxy resin was followed by thin sectioning. The thin sections (thickness of about 50 nm) were prepared on carbon foils and mounted on electron microscopical finder grids.The samples were analyzed with electron microprobe JXA 50A with transmitted electron device, EDX system TN 5400, and on line operating image processing system SEM-IPS, energy filtering electron microscope CEM 902 with EELS/ESI and Auger spectrometer 545 Perkin Elmer.With EDX, a beam current of some 10-10 A and a beam diameter of about 10 nm, a minimum-detectable mass of 10-20 g Ca seems within reach.

Ultrastructural autoradiography of L6 skeletal-muscle cells exposed to a tritiated macrolide antibiotic (LY237216) in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
S.L. White ◽  
C.B. Jensen ◽  
D.D. Giera ◽  
D.A. Laska ◽  
M.N. Novilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotic ◽  
Circle Method ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Polycarbonate Membrane ◽  
L6 Cells ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Erythromycin A

In vitro exposure to LY237216 (9-Deoxo-11-deoxy-9,11-{imino[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylidene]-oxy}-(9S)-erythromycin), a macrolide antibiotic, was found to induce cytoplasmic vacuolation in L6 skeletal muscle myoblast cultures (White, S.L., unpubl). The present study was done to determine, by autoradiographic quantitative analysis, the subcellular distribution of 3H-LY237216 in L6 cells.L6 cells (ATCC, CRL 1458) were cultured to confluency on polycarbonate membrane filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) in M-199 medium (GIBCO® Labs) with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were exposed from the apical surface for 1-hour to unlabelled-compound (0 μCi/ml) or 50 (μCi/ml of 3H-LY237216 at a compound concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. Following a rapid rinse in compound-free growth medium, the cells were slam-frozen against a liquid nitrogen cooled, polished copper block in a CF-100 cryofixation unit (LifeCell Corp., The Woodlands, TX). Specimens were dried in the MDD-C Molecular Distillation Drier (LifeCell Corp.), vapor osmicated and embedded in Spurrs low viscosity resin. Ultrathin sections collected on formvar coated stainless steel grids were counter-stained, then individually mounted on corks. A monolayer of Ilford L4 nuclear emulsion (Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA) was placed on the sections, utilizing a modified “loop method”. The emulsions were exposed for 7-weeks in a light-tight box at 4°C. Autoradiographs were developed in Microdol-X developer and examined on a Philips EM410LS transmission electron microscope. Quantitative analysis of compound localization employed the point and circle approach of Williams; incorporating the probability circle method of Salpeter and McHenry.

The concerted use of SEM, TEM, and SCM for examination of resin-dentin interfaces

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 476-477
Author(s):  
B. Van Meerbeek ◽  
L. J. Conn ◽  
E. S. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Bonding Mechanism ◽  
Restorative Dentistry ◽  
Dental Adhesive ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Dentin Adhesives ◽  
Acid Etch ◽  
Tooth Tissue

Restoration of decayed teeth with tooth-colored materials that can be bonded to tooth tissue has been a highly desirable property in restorative dentistry for many years. Advantages of such an adhesive restorative technique over conventional techniques using non-adhesive metal-based restoratives include improved restoration retention with minimal sacrifice of sound tooth tissue for retention purposes, superior adaptation and sealing of the restoration margins in prevention of caries recurrence, improved stress distribution across the tooth-restoration interface throughout the whole tooth, and even reinforcement of weakened tooth structures. The dental adhesive technology is rapidly changing. An efficient resin bond to enamel has already long been achieved. Its bonding mechanism has been fully elucidated and has proven to be a durable and reliable clinical treatment. However, bonding to dentin represents a greater challenge. After the failures of a dentin acid-etch technique in imitation of the enamel phosphoric-acid-etch technique and a bonding procedure based on chemical adhesion, modern dentin adhesives are currently believed to bond to dentin by a micromechanical hybridization process. This process is developed by an initial demineralization of the dentin surface layer with acid etchants exposing a collagen fibril arrangement with interfibrillar microporosities that subsequently become impregnated by low-viscosity monomers. Although the development of such a hybridization process has well been documented in the literature, questions remain with respect to parameters of-primary importance to adhesive efficacy.

The microstructure of functionalized poLyacrylonitrile beads for bioseparations

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1094-1095
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Kamenetzky ◽  
David A. Ley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Vacuum Impregnation ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Selective Staining ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Diamond Knife

The microstructure of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) beads for affinity chromatography bioseparations was studied by TEM of stained ultramicrotomed thin-sections. Microstructural aspects such as overall pore size distribution, the distribution of pores within the beads, and surface coverage of functionalized beads affect performance properties. Stereological methods are used to quantify the internal structure of these chromatographic supports. Details of the process for making the PAN beads are given elsewhere. TEM specimens were obtained by vacuum impregnation with a low-viscosity epoxy and sectioning with a diamond knife. The beads can be observed unstained. However, different surface functionalities can be made evident by selective staining. Amide surface coverage was studied by staining in vapor of a 0.5.% RuO4 aqueous solution for 1 h. RuO4 does not stain PAN but stains, amongst many others, polymers containing an amide moiety.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document