scholarly journals Ground-Level Pressing Issues at the Intersection of AI and IP

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-283
Author(s):  
David Kappos ◽  
Asa Kling
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Property System ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Immense Potential ◽  
Near Future

Humankind has always sought to solve problems. This impetus has transformed hunters and gatherers into a society beginning to enjoy the fruits of the fourth industrial revolution. As part of the fourth industrial revolution, and the increased computing power accompanying it, the long-theorized concept of artificial intelligence (“AI”) is finally becoming a reality. This raises new issues in myriad fields—from the moral and ethical implications of replacing human activity with machines to who will own inventions created by AI. While these questions are worth exploring, they have already received a fair amount of coverage in popular and theoretical writing. This paper will take a different direction, focusing on the current and near-future issues arising on the ground at the intersection of AI and intellectual property (“IP”). After providing a brief overview of AI, we will analyze legal issues unique to AI, including access to data, patent requirements, open source licenses and trade secrecy. We will then suggest best practices for obtaining and preserving IP protection for AI-related innovations through the United States and European Union IP systems. By addressing these issues, the intellectual property system will be better positioned to do its part in unlocking AI’s immense potential.

scholarly journals History Lessons: The Early Development of Intellectual Property Institutions in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zorina Khan ◽  
Kenneth L Sokoloff
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
Property System ◽  
Private Market ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
Market For Technology ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. was a pioneer in establishing the world's first modern intellectual property system. That system was distinguished by the provision of broad access to, and strict enforcement of, property rights in new inventions, coupled with the requirement of public disclosure, and it was effective at stimulating the growth of a market for technology and technical change more generally. Far from being static, fundamental modifications were introduced over time in response to changing circumstances. That such adjustments so often proved to be constructive owes partly to a private market being a central feature of the system, and partly to the democratic structure of U.S. institutions.

“Standing Tall and Seeing Far”

2021 ◽  
pp. 277-296
Author(s):  
Rush Doshi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
The Military

Chapter 12 examines the “ways and means” of China’s global grand strategy of expansion, discussing in concrete terms how it is building forms of control globally while weakening those of the United States. It examines this effort across three domains of statecraft, describing how Beijing has put forward global institutions and illiberal norms at the political level, sought to seize the “fourth industrial revolution” and weaken US financial power at the economic level, and increasingly acquired global capabilities and facilities at the military level—all as part of a broader effort to achieve its nationalistic vision of rejuvenation and displace US order.

scholarly journals World Geopolitical Competition in the Context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-351
Author(s):  
Konstantin V. Blokhin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
The World

Article analyzes predictive estimates and concepts presented by the Western intellectual community, regarding prospects for development of new trends in the global economy, caused by the fourth industrial revolution. Author draws on a variety of sources, including reports from US think tanks, works by representatives of global financial and technocratic elite, and works by American intellectuals. Methodological basis of the study is a theory of the world system of I. Wallerstein, which allows to identify dynamic and conflicting lines of interaction between two geopolitical centers of the world - the United States and China. Based on an analysis of current trends, modern experts predict revolutionary changes in modern technologies that can decisively affect socio-political stability, not only in Western countries, but in developing countries as well. Author shows that the new technological structure is changing not only sector structure of the economy, but also has a strong impact on employment. According to American analysts, new technologies can destabilize socio-political stability in any country, especially in countries where cheap labor is a traditional tool. Robotization and automation of production can become a competitive advantage of the United States and Western countries in competition with China. Article notes that Russia is only at the very beginning of technological revolution, behind big five leading countries. Overcoming its lag in the field of AI and robotics requires adoption of comprehensive measures of economic, scientific and political nature. Ignoring realities of technological progress is fraught with increase in threats to national security.

scholarly journals Scientific Mapping of Industry 4.0 Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Huma Sikandar ◽  
Yamunah Vaicondam ◽  
Nohman Khan ◽  
Muhammad Imran Qureshi ◽  
Abrar Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Vos Viewer ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Productive Authors

<p class="0abstract">The fourth industrial revolution is progressing very rapidly. This research aims to investigate the research patterns and trends of industry 4.0 research with a focus on manufacturing. This bibliometric analysis is performed on data of the past five years (2016 to 2020) retrieved from the Scopus database. This research is conducted on 1426 articles in which the top productive countries, authors, institutions, and most cited articles were investigated. Findings demonstrated that Italy, the United States, and China are the most active countries in terms of research publications. South China University of Technology (China) has been identified as the most productive institution.  Wan, J., Li, D., Rauch, E. were found to be the most productive authors. Industry 4.0 is primarily focused on the fields of engineering and computer science and sustainability is the most prolific journal. Co-occurrence analysis of keywords, co-authorship analysis of authors and countries were carried out along with bibliographic coupling of documents using VoS viewer which is the most common information visualisation software. This article summarises the growth of Industry 4.0 in the past five years and gives a short overview of the related works and applications of Industry 4.0.</p>

scholarly journals The Intellectual Property Chapter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and Investment in Developing Nations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista L. Cox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intellectual Property Protection ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Property System ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Partnership Agreement

The United States has some of the highest standards of intellectual property protection in the world, though many copyright and patent laws in the United States are limited through balancing provisions that provide exceptions to the exclusive rights conferred by the intellectual property system. The United States has engaged in efforts to raise intellectual property standards worldwide through creation of new global norms, such as through negotiations of free trade agreements like the currently negotiated Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Higher levels of intellectual property protection may be unnecessary to attract investment in developing countries. In fact, increasing intellectual property standards may actually result in negative impacts on development for low- and middle-income countries. This paper examines the role of intellectual property rules in attracting investment for developing countries. It uses the proposals for the TPP's intellectual property chapter as an example on how higher levels of intellectual property enforcement may harm rather than promote investment.

THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON TEACHER EDUCATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Pratt-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Teacher Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Near Future

The emergence of next-level technologies in fields like robotics and artificial intelligence has led many to conclude that weare entering a Fourth Industrial Revolution. Capabilities like 3Dprinting and nano-technology are expected to make it increasinglypossible to integrate human and digital functions, changing thescope, speed, and flexibility of what can be accomplished innumerous sectors and activities. Modalities for acquiring andsharing information are likely to be impacted strongly by thesedevelopments, and hence education as we know it is likely to bealtered significantly as well. As specialists in teacher education, itis our responsibility to stay ahead of the curve on such changes inorder to ensure that we are preparing our students for the realitiesof the classrooms in which they will teach. In this presentation, Ilook at some of the ways in which the technology and applicationsused in education can be expected to change in the near future,as well as at what teaching will be like for those charged withpreparing young people (and, perhaps, for retraining the rest ofus!) for life in the work, social, and cultural environments of Earthunder Revolution 4.0!

scholarly journals ECONOMY LAW AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW AND THE IMPACT ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE COMMON LAW SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Marcelo Negri Soares ◽  
Marcos Eduardo Kauffman ◽  
Raphael Farias Martins
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Analysis Of Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
The Impact

This article analyses the concept of economics applied to law in order to understand the school's analysis of legal phenomena by economic principles that emerged in 1960 in the United States of America, tracing the impacts on intellectual property law in the Common Law system. This study relies on the hypothetical-deductive method, with a focus on economic and legal literature, to conclude that intellectual property legislation is frequently modernized, especially at the time of major socio economic transformations such as an industrial revolution with the effect of boosting development and innovation, ensuring economic growth with the proper security and protection of industrial secrets and expertise.

scholarly journals Feminism and Dualism in Intellectual Property

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Burk
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
United States Patent ◽  
Property System ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
The Mind ◽  
States Patent

Intellectual property law constitutes one of the primary policy tools by which society influences the development and design of new technologies. However, the underlying philosophical basis for this system of rewards has gone largely unexamined. For example, implicit in the intellectual property system is a strong element of mind/body dualism that informs the incentives for technological development. In copyright, the work created and owned by an author is idealized as an intangible form, which may be embodied or fixed in a tangible medium of expression. The parallel patent law doctrine of inventorship shows an even more striking pattern of dualism. In the United States patent priority is decided primarily on the basis of conception of the invention in the mind of the inventor; the actual building or reduction to practice of the invention is held largely irrelevant.Similarly, both patent and copyright doctrine entail a strong element of nature/culture dualism. In patent law, this manifests as the product of nature doctrine, holding that only the products of human effort are patentable, and not discoveries drawn from nature. In copyright, facts and other natural occurrences are excluded from copyright as being unoriginal, that is, not originating from the creativity of an author. Both systems assume that facts or properties embedded in the fabric of reality can be separated from the human activity that observes and defines such facts and properties.

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