scholarly journals Development Peculiarities of Bean Anthracnose and Protective Measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
G.V. Avagyan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Bean Anthracnose ◽  
Control Variant

The life cycle of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum fungus, susceptibility of Armenian bean varieties to anthracnose disease, as well as its development dynamics have been investigated in conditions of Lor community in Aremenia. Preventive measures have reduced the winter stock of pathogen infection and intensity of the disease development, while double application of Quadris and Revus Top fungicides during the vegetation period suppressed the development of anthracnose by 86.3-88.6 % and 91.6-92.4 %, respectively, as compared to the recorded indices in the control variant. Thus, the recommended fungicides can be used alternately to combat bean anthracnose.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of COVID-19 and MS-Related Characteristics in a National Sample of People With MS in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Hexiang Yin ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
Bin Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Hospital Database ◽  
Receive Treatment

Few studies have focused on immune status and disease activity in MS patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study is to investigate immune status, COVID-19 infection, and attacks in MS patients during the pandemic. An online questionnaire about COVID-19 infection, MS attack, and MS treatment during the pandemic was administered to all 525 MS patients registered in our hospital database from January 1, 2011, to June 1, 2020. Only 384 responded, of which 361 patients could be included in the final analysis. During the pandemic, 42.1% of the 361 patients and 65.0% of the 234 patients on immunotherapies were exposed to teriflunomide. Compared to patients who didn't receive treatment, patients exposed to DMTs had significantly lower levels of neutrophils (P < 0.01) and immunoglobulin G (P < 0.01), and patients exposed to immunosuppressants had significantly lower levels of immunoglobulin G (P < 0.05). Over 80% of our patients followed effective protective measures and none of the 361 MS patients in our cohort contracted COVID-19. Patients whose treatment was disrupted had a significantly higher annualized relapse rate (ARR) during than before the pandemic (P < 0.01), while the ARR of patients with continuous treatment or without treatment remained unchanged. During the pandemic, the risk of MS attack due to treatment disruption possibly outweighs the risk of COVID-19 infection under preventive measures, and MS treatment maintenance might be necessary.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Variation of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causing Anthracnose of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Uganda

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Moses J. Kiryowa ◽  
Aston Ebinu ◽  
Vincent Kyaligonza ◽  
Stanley T. Nkalubo ◽  
Pamela Paparu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Pathogenic Variation ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance ◽  
Differential Cultivars ◽  
Differential Cultivar ◽  
Bean Anthracnose ◽  
Pathogenic Variability

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a highly variable pathogen of common beans that easily overcomes resistance in cultivars bred with single-gene resistance. To determine pathogenic variability of the pathogen in Uganda, samples of common bean tissues with anthracnose symptoms were collected in eight districts of Uganda, namely Kabarole, Sironko, Mbale, Oyam, Lira, Kapchorwa, Maracha and Kisoro. 51 isolates sporulated successfully on Potato Dextrose Agar and Mathur’s media and were used to inoculate 12 differential cultivars under controlled conditions. Five plants per cultivar were inoculated with each isolate and then evaluated for their reaction using the 1 – 9 severity scale. Races were classified using the binary nomenclature system proposed by Pastor Corrales (1991). Variation due to cultivar and isolate effects was significant (P≤0.001) for severity. The 51 isolates from eight districts grouped into 27 different races. Sironko district had the highest number of races followed by Mbale and Kabarole. Races 2047 and 4095 were the most frequently found, each with 10 isolates grouped under them. Race 4095 was the most virulent since it caused a susceptible (S) reaction on all 12 differential cultivars and the susceptible check. This was followed by races 2479, 2047 and 2045 respectively. Two races, 4094 and 2479, caused a susceptible reaction on the differential cultivar G2333, which nevertheless, showed the most broad spectrum resistance followed by cultivars Cornell 49-242, TU, and AB136 respectively. These cultivars are recommended for use in breeding programs aiming at breeding for broad spectrum resistance to bean anthracnose in Uganda.

Legal aspects of ecotourism: towards creating an international legislative framework

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Stanković ◽  
Ana Batrićević ◽  
Vladan Joldžić
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Legislative Framework

Purpose This study aims to highlight the most important preventive measures that should be proposed by policymakers and adopted by (inter)national legislative bodies by changing existing or adopting new legal documents. The implementation of these measures should be performed by state bodies responsible for ecotourism, natural and cultural resources protection and ecotourism services users. Design/methodology/approach The theoretical legal approach was applied, based on a systematic review of international legally binding and non-binding documents related to ecotourism, adopted by relevant international organizations. Analysis of norms for preventive protection of natural and cultural values was done and followed by law-reform research in the form of recommendations that should be adopted as binding. Findings International legal documents relevant to ecotourism analysed in this paper are divided into two groups. The first regulates exclusively ecotourism issues, whereas the second deals with sustainable development and indirectly refers to ecotourism, as one of its segments. Analysed international legal documents require unambiguous norms regulating preventive protective measures in ecotourism by prescribing actual obligations and prohibitions for relevant subjects. Given recommendations are grouped into five types according to the subjects they are addressing (ecotourism experts, policymakers, legislators, natural and cultural conservationists, local communities, educators). Originality/value This study is the first that points to the need to amending international legal documents related to ecotourism through recommendations regarding natural and cultural values’ preventive protection.

A Comparison of Machine Risk Acceptance Results Among Trained Users of ANSI B11-TR3

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Etherton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Company Culture ◽  
Local Risk ◽  
Risk Acceptance ◽  
A Company

The ANSI guideline on machine risk assessment, B11-TR3, describes risk assessment as an iterative process. This implies that protective measures of varied levels of technology can be successively evaluated until a risk that is acceptable is attained. The theories of risk acceptance are many. Reducing risk to a level that is agreed to be 'as low as reasonably practicable' (ALARP) is said to give focus to making a decision about when risk has been adequately reduced. Main (2004) says that "Although the concept of acceptable risk is becoming more commonly adopted throughout the world, a single level of acceptability cannot be universally applied. Acceptable risk is a function of many factors, and is specific to a company, culture, and time-era." Fischhoff et al. (1981) have argued that "the risk associated with the most acceptable option is not acceptable in any absolute sense. One accepts options, not risks, which are only one feature of options." This paper describes risk assessment groups in five manufacturing workplaces and discusses training that led to acceptable risk decisions for a hazardous machine system in each workplace. The composition of the five teams in this study ranged from a team with just a single engineer to teams involving several workplace personnel. The applied preventive measures ranged from measures that were tailored to meet corporate safety goals to measures that evolved from the local risk assessment team's ingenuity. The paper concludes with suggestions on how to make the risk acceptance concept meaningful in the training of future machine risk assessment teams.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum exhibits different patterns of nuclear division at different stages in its vegetative life cycle

Mycologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine H. Ishikawa ◽  
Elaine A. Souza ◽  
Nick D. Read ◽  
M. Gabriela Roca
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum

scholarly journals A Specific and Sensitive Method for the Detection of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Dry Bean Tissue

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1271-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Yan Chen ◽  
R. L. Conner ◽  
C. L. Gillard ◽  
G. J. Boland ◽  
C. Babcock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Bean Anthracnose ◽  
Sensitive Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Dna Template

To facilitate early diagnosis and improve control of bean anthracnose, a rapid, specific, and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to detect the causal agent, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed. Based on sequence data of the rDNA region consisting of the 5.8S gene and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 of four C. lindemuthianum races and 17 Colletotrichum species downloaded from GenBank, five forward primers were designed and evaluated for their specificity. Among them, one forward primer was selected for use in combination with ITS4 to specifically detect C. lindemuthianum. A 461-bp specific band was amplified from the genomic DNA template of 16 representative isolates of C. lindemuthianum, but not from 58 representative isolates of 17 other Colletotrichum species or 10 bean pathogens. Moreover, to enhance the sensitivity of detection, nested PCR was applied, which allowed the detection of as little as 10 fg of C. lindemuthianum genomic DNA and 1% infected seed powder, which was mixed with 99% healthy seed powder. The diagnostic analysis can be completed within 24 h, compared with about 2 weeks required for culturing. Furthermore, this method can be performed and interpreted by personnel with no specialized taxonomic expertise.

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING AND OPERATING of RFID TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Kelm ◽  
Manfred Helmus ◽  
Anica Meins-Becker
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Building Information

Despite a slight decrease of the number of accidents at work on German construction sites in recent years, prevention activities should be strengthened and started explicitly in addition. In particular, a large number of accidents on construction sites are carried out by the collision of different trades and the absence or not wearing appropriate PPE for workers of adjacent trades. An important potential is seen in the optimization of the safety and health by making available pre-defined information about safety and health throughout the life cycle of buildings. Using this information, preventive measures can be taken faster, more effective, safer and preventive. The method of Building Information Modelling (BIM) forms the basis for a comprehensive building information model or building data model. From the perspective of the applicant the method of BIM in conjunction with the Auto-ID-based tracking of actual process data, however, provides additional data to planning data among other OSH-related processes. This data can be used for the further phases of the life cycle of buildings, which are in the building phase, the use phase and rebuilding phase and the decommissioning phase considerable potential, especially for the optimization of occupational safety and health. The primary objective of this research project is to identify, define and standardize health and safety information and provide them for preventive measures with the BIM method.

scholarly journals Characterization of Mexican Isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum by Using Differential Cultivars and Molecular Markers

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario González ◽  
Raul Rodríguez ◽  
Maria Elena Zavala ◽  
Juan L. Jacobo ◽  
Fernando Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Aflp Data ◽  
Bootstrap Analysis ◽  
Differential Cultivars ◽  
Bean Anthracnose

Differential cultivars and molecular markers were used to analyze 59 isolates of the bean anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, from different regions of Mexico. Ten distinct races were determined, three of which had not been reported previously in Mexico. Isolates were found to infect only a narrow range of the differential cultivars used and were restricted to cultivars of Middle American origin. A comparison of random amplified polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses was carried out on a subset of the fungal isolates. Determination of genetic distances based on AFLP data and production of a dendrogram demonstrated two levels of association: i) isolates classified into two major groups according to the type of cultivar or system of cultivation from which they originated, and ii) isolates could be classified into smaller subgroups generally associated with the geographic location from which they were obtained. Bootstrap analysis and determination of confidence intervals showed these geographic groupings to be extremely robust.

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