scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol IV (4) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Titu-Marius I. Băjenescu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Identity Integration ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Employed Women

Old age is difficult to define, so many terms overlap or clash with each other, all of which raise a number of issues: the elderly, the third age, the fourth age, senior citizens, pensioners, etc. It is not easy to determine the threshold for entering the period of life commonly known as old age. One thing is certain, old age has changed profoundly. From now on, it has become for everyone, albeit with profound inequalities, a normal stage of life. Social security systems combined with the considerable progress in medicine have made it possible to increase the length of retirement. Whereas in 1950 a man retiring at 65 could expect to live for about 12 years, today life expectancy at 60 is over 20 years for men and over 25 years for women. However, this simple observation has much more complex consequences in terms of the social identity, integration and social behaviour of these new population groups. Despite an ageing population, Switzerland has a total labour force of 4.706 million people. In the fourth quarter of 2019, the participation rate of the population aged 15 and over was 68.1%. This puts the country in second place in Europe behind Iceland (79.9%). Switzerland's neighbouring states have significantly lower levels (Germany: 62.6%, Austria: 61.4%; France: 55.5%, Italy: 49.9%). In particular, Switzerland has one of the highest rates of employed women in Europe. The percentage of employed women increased significantly between 2010 and 2019, from 56.9% to 60%.

Paying for Old Age: Past, Present, Future

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Thomas ◽  
Paul Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Old Age ◽  
The Uk

This chapter focuses on one fundamental aspects of an ageing population — how to pay for old age, individually and collectively. It also presents a study of the history of old age support in the UK and US and concludes that despite the quite different beginnings of the public pension and social security systems, government policy in both countries has become similarly locked in to a set of institutional arrangements which were devised to respond to immediate social and economic problems, but which have acquired a rationale and a dynamic of their own.

Arbeit und Alter in ländlichen Gesellschaften der Frühen Neuzeit. Die Erwerbstätigkeit im Alter zwischen eigenem Besitz und den Zwängen einer „Ökonomie des Auskommens“

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Zeitlhofer
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Position ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One

AbstractDespite the growing interest historians have expressed in old age and ageing in recent decades, our knowledge of the labour force participation of elderly people in pre-industrial times is still very limited. This is due to the fact that historians have, for far too long, discussed ‘old age’ mostly in terms of ‘providing for the elderly’ whilst more or less ignoring the wide range of activities the elderly were engaged in as well as the high rate of life-long labour force participation before the late 19th century.This study, on the one hand, discusses the social position of ‘retirees’ (former rural house owners), a social position often seen as an archetype for modern ‘retirement’. Numerous examples are presented from the regional case study of South Bohemia as well as from other parts of Central Europe showing that pre-modern retirees quite often continued to work in many different ways. In many cases inter vivos transfers of land and houses were not undertaken in order to allow for retirement from all activities but rather to facilitate a change in the individual’s own main focus of activity from one occupation to another. In a second part of the study the economy of makeshifts of the poor is analysed. Using rare sources from several South Bohemian parishes enables us to document the importance of the mixed economy of the poorest section of the rural elderly.

scholarly journals Noriyuki Takayama (ed). Pensions in Asia: Incentives, Compliance and Their Role in Retirement. Tokyo: Maruzen Co. Ltd. 2005. 256 Pages. Hardbound. Price not given.

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-101
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Fast Decline ◽  
Challenging Situation ◽  
Policy And Planning

In view of the rapid ageing of population in many Asian countries due to a longer life expectancy and a fast decline in fertility, the concerns about the sustainability of public pensions and social security systems have gained increased relevance both at policy and planning levels. Countries that have already experienced demographic transition and indicate rising trends in old-age dependency rates are facing a challenging situation not only to improve their pension systems but also to comply with the financing of retirement and old-age benefit schemes. The effects of an ageing population in these countries are becoming apparent in terms of increasing costs of the health-care system, social security schemes, and changing social attitudes towards older people that demand an assessment of the support base to meet their socio-economic needs.

Combining employment and care-giving: how differing care intensities influence employment patterns among middle-aged women in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiya Kelle
Keyword(s):  
Cox Regression ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractGiven an ageing population and increased participation by women in the labour force, the relationship between unpaid care and the availability of women to the labour force is gaining in importance as an issue. This article assesses the impact of unpaid care on transitions into employment by women aged between 45 and 59 years. It uses the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) from the years 2001–2014 to estimate Cox regression models for 6,201 employed women. The results indicate that women with higher caring responsibilities and women with lower caring responsibilities are heterogeneous in terms of the socio-economic characteristics that they exhibit: higher-intensity care providers tend to have a lower level of educational attainment and a weaker attachment to the labour force than women with less-intensive caring responsibilities. Furthermore, while women with more-intensive caring roles are highly likely to exit the labour market altogether, female carers with less-intensive roles seem to be able to combine work and care better. These results highlight the importance of providing more affordable institutional and professional care services, especially for low- and medium-income families.

Labor Force Trends and Immigration in Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Feld
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
European Community ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Early Effect ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
National Characteristics

Labor force trends up to 2025 for the fifteen countries (before May 1, 2004) of the European Community are examined. Will demographic decline have an early effect on manpower volume? An estimation is made to determine whether present migratory flow levels in these countries will be sufficient to counter labor force stagnation. Manpower trend scenarios are proposed for each country. They show highly contrasting situations. These countries favor different policies for mobilizing and increasing their manpower volume. There is wide divergence between the various EU countries as concerns their demographic situation and labor force participation rate as well as their social security systems. Considering these highly diverse national characteristics, the difficulty in arriving at a consensus on EU migratory policy harmonization is stressed.

Turkey

2019 ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Özlem Kuman Tunçel ◽  
Hayriye Elbi
Keyword(s):  
Informal Care ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Living Together

Turkey has a rapidly ageing population, the issues of which are new to the country. To date, there is no National Dementia Strategy. The strong tradition of family caregiving in Turkey has perhaps influenced the demand for access to formal care services. Informal care provided by families, which includes living together with the elders and providing the most comfort, is one of the strongest aspects of dementia care in Turkey. Another positive aspect is new legal regulation of the social security system for the elderly. Moreover, there is an increasing awareness of dementia and dementia care, which will hopefully give new impetus to further advancements in dementia care. The future of dementia care in Turkey should ideally include: (1) the development of a National Dementia Strategy, (2) improvement of informal care, including support for caregivers, and (3) an increase in the number, as well as improved quality, of in-hospital geriatric services.

Income Tax in Relation to Social Security

1946 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Haynes ◽  
R. J. Kirton
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Social ◽  
System Part ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Financial Relationship

This paper falls into three parts which form a progressive study involvingI. proposals for the reform of the Income Tax system as related to personal assessments,II. consideration of the interrelation of Income Tax and Social Security,III. proposals for the co-ordination of the Income Tax and Social Security systems.Part I of this progressive study is a plea for a business-like administration of the Income Tax system. Part II examines the combined effect upon the individual of the Income Tax system and the Social Security plan proposed by Sir William Beveridge. Part III sets out to co-ordinate Income Tax and Social Security and to simplify the financial relationship between the individual and the community.

Introduction to the special issue on robotics for health care

Robotica ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kassler
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Robot Systems ◽  
Industrialised Countries

Robots in the 20th century have been valued mainly for their enhancement of productivity. According to Professor Ichiro Kato of Waseda University, 21st-century robots will be valued because they enhance amenity. The development of robot systems for health care, detailed in this special issue of Robotica, is an affirmation of this forecast.Several factors have combined to cause this development, although economic factors are paramount. Industrialised countries, where robots are most likely to be used, face an ageing population-a result of lower birth rates, reduced infant mortality and increased life expectancy. This ‘ageing society' is expected to have enormous impact upon these countries’ health and social security systems which devote a large proportion of their resources to the care of older people.

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