scholarly journals Exigent Encounters with Vaccines Perplexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 322-338
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Vaccine Recommendations ◽  
Guidelines Development ◽  
Aids Vaccines ◽  
History Of ◽  
Management Recommendations

Background: The entire planet is now under significant threat of a terrible CoVid-19 epidemic Because of small clandestine organisms known as viruses. Only 1% of the population has been discovered, leaving the other 95% unexplored. The most difficult aspect of dealing with these minuscule organisms is their unpredictability, as viruses mutate quickly. Poliomyelitis, smallpox, measles, meningitis, and a few other deadly viral and bacterial diseases were successfully eradicated as a result of the immunisation push. The goal of this review article is to look at both the positive and negative aspects of vaccines. In order to improve the production, examine the quality of WHO vaccine recommendations in clinical practise guidelines (CPGs). Methods: A systematic review of available microbial agent vaccines and pipelines (WHO, 2020) as well as the National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health's websites was conducted. The US Department of Health and Human Services' Assessment of Guidance, Study, and Evaluation was compared to the Eligible WHO and FDA guidelines providing treatment and/or management recommendations. Approval stage for vaccination products. Food and Drug Administration, United States of America. Understanding vaccine research: How are AIDS vaccines tested? IAVI Article, first volume, 2003. WHO,1998 Recommendations for the quality control of 26 DNA vaccine volumes [17] Vaccines, 3rd Edition, Shock 12th Edition, and “History of Vaccination” in 111 volumes of proceedings are also recommended. Vaccines against almost 27 microbes are approved and ongoing research on vaccines against almost 130 microbial agents is ongoing (WHO, 2020; FDA, 2017). The decision to move to ART (Anti-Retroviral Treatment) regimens is based on the recommendations for clinical, immunological, and virological failure. Assay style output using DBS as opposed to plasma using a 1000 copies / mL viral load threshold [30]. Conclusion: The high-scoring suggestions could be used as a foundation for future vaccine use in the context of various microbial illnesses in vaccine development. In addition to the graphical representation of the vaccine plan, various tools for designing guidance are being used to get insight. Key words: Vaccines, WHO Guidelines, Development stages, Challenges, COVID Vaccines

Poison Centers, Poison Prevention, and the Pediatrician

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick H. Lovejoy ◽  
William O. Robertson ◽  
Alan D. Woolf
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Poison Control ◽  
Poison Center ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Prevention Model ◽  
Poison Centers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Poison Prevention ◽  
Remarkable Progress

The first poison centers were established in the United States in the early 1950s, stimulated by an American Academy of Pediatrics' survey of office-based pediatric practices which ascertained that its members had no place to turn for ingredient information on medications and household products.1 With the help of the Academy, pediatrician Dr. Edward Press, the Illinois Department of Health, and several community hospitals, the first poison center emerged. Over the subsequent 40 years, remarkable progress has occurred in the fields of clinical toxicology, poison control, and poison prevention. Yet despite these accomplishments, challenging clouds are appearing on the horizon which threaten these gains. This commentary, by the authors who have viewed and participated in a large part of the history of this progress, will focus on these major accomplishments with an emphasis on (a) poison prevention utilizing the pre-event (primary prevention), (b) the event (secondary prevention), and (c) the postevent (tertiary prevention) model.2

scholarly journals The drawing in the design process: a study in the work of Andrea Palladio

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Maria Stumpp ◽  
Claudio Calovi Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Andrea Palladio ◽  
Alternative Representation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Individual

The development of design activity uses technical suports that allow the architect to record the evolution of your idea or communication with it. Historically, the support that has been used is the graphical representation, which, as a intelligence technology, joins with the creative and cognitive processes of the individual, allowing communication with their imagination and also to all individuals involved in projecting. The representations graphically materialized, calls drawing,  are important in the practice of architecture because they represent the evolution of the design process. The drawing means the way in which design is conducted, tested, controlled and ultimately appears performed. In this context the drawings of the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio play a special role in the history of architecture, because it makes clear how he understood and thought the architecture. At that time, the graphical representation of the space acquired an importance that had not previously, incorporating a greater number of alternative representation, highlighting the aesthetic concerns and the current building techniques. A lot of drawings produced by Palladio, shows how he was deeply convinced of eloquence and priority of images to understand the architecture, more than any other form of discursive explanation. In this sense, this work investigates the drawings of Palladio as a tool at the process of design solutions translation. The reading of the project through the design has been used to study designs and architectural objects or certain styles or specific authorship of an architect. Here the method is used for reading the project of Villa Pisani in Bagnolo (1542). Using two and three dimensional drawings, represented by plan, section and volumetry, it is intended to make explicit certain aspects underlying the architectural work, as questions of proportion and symmetry. It is expected that, at the work of Palladio, this method allows to compare and understand drawings, in order to analyze mutations and replications and  search of new meanings, readings and interpretations.

scholarly journals Arcyria versicolor of western mountains, U.S.A. (Myxomycetes: Trichiales: Trichiaceae): a morphological and taxonomic study with observations of nivicolous species

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-459
Author(s):  
Harold W. Keller ◽  
Relf L. Price ◽  
Billy G. Stone ◽  
Edward D. Forrester
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Fruiting Body Formation ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
History Of

Arcyria versicolor (Trichiales: Trichiaceae) is a distinct myxomycete species described by William Phillips in 1877. The genus Arcyria dates back to Linnaeus in 1753 through the species A. denudata. Arcyria sporangia are brightly colored red, yellow, grey or white, mostly stalked, often in large groups easily seen with the naked eye. Approximately 54 species are known, many are common, and distributed worldwide. Collectors often encounter these colorful species on decaying logs as clusters of many sporangia often covering extensive areas. Arcyria versicolor, collected in the Valles Caldera National Preserve located in the Jemez Mountains of north central New Mexico, is a new record for the state. The nomenclatural history of this species is reviewed and the justification for selection of the species name versicolor is discussed. Arcyria versicolor is accepted as the valid species name and A. vitellina a synonym after examination of type specimens. Environmental parameters for coloration are discussed in general for fruiting bodies of Arcyria and more specifically for nivicolous snowbank species. Transitional stages of plasmodial color to mature fruiting body formation are described for Arcyria versicolor. More than 140 specimens of Arcyria versicolor fruiting bodies were examined with light microscopy and in part illustrated with multifocal computer stacked imaging. Higher magnifications were highlighted using scanning electron microscopy. A more complete and accurate species description is provided for Arcyria versicolor. Differences of fruiting body morphology including habit, color, dehiscence, peridial inner and outer surface features, capillitial ornamentation and size, spore color, size, and ornamentation, and stalk spore-like bodies are described and illustrated. Observation of type specimens from the type locality is illustrated, discussed, and nomenclatural evaluation given for the name selected. Mountain myxomycetes are reviewed based on the observations of T.H. Macbride and his early 1914 paper published in Mycologia. Collection data is presented that compares the dark-spored and light spored nivicolous myxomycetes in the French Alps. The history of renown collectors of nivicolous myxomycetes in western mountains of U.S.A. documents the discovery and study of this special ecological group of myxomycetes. This current paper is the first in a series from an ongoing research project entitled Myxomycetes of New Mexico.

scholarly journals Konstantin Stepanovich Veselovskii. To the 200th anniversary of his birth

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
O. V. Chernitsova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Russian Soil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Atlas

The paper considers the contribution of K.S. Veselovskii (20.05.1819–03.11.1901), the Russian statistician of the 19th century, to the development of geographical science. Compiled under his editorship and with his direct participation, the Economic-Statistical Atlas of the European Russia, the first Russian economic atlas, summarized key information on agriculture as the basis for the Russian economy of the mid-19th century. The method of graphical representation of statistical data on the maps of the Atlas was innovative and contributed to the development of world cartography. The history of compiling the earliest Russian soil map is discussed in detail. The map depicted the geographical patterns of soil distribution in European Russia and their relation to climate. The generalized map was included in the Economic-Statistical Atlas and it became the first soil map of the country in the world. The study “On the Climate of Russia,” in which K.S. Veselovskii collected and critically processed all available observations of air temperature, winds and precipitation played a significant role in the development of geographical science. The role of K.S. Veselovskii in the organization of meteorological observations in Russia is also shown.

scholarly journals Volunteers for clinical trials: from the history of abuses and exploitation to the inclusion movement, and to an income resource

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Christiane Druml
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
Consent Procedure ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Ethics Guidelines

Medical research is essential to develop new and better therapies, increase social standards and a better life for all of us. Scientific curiosity has helped to achieve many successful innovations, but history also demonstrates that research can lead to abuses of individuals neglecting autonomy and integrity of the human being. Since the 1960ies we have witnessed a continuous development of international regulations and ethics guidelines (soft law) in medical research, leading to a higher quality of scientific results. An important focus lies on recognizing human vulnerability and a therefore adapted informed consent procedure. Our modern clinical trials structure requires the inclusion of healthy volunteers in the first phases of the development of a new medicinal product, leading to new ethical questions and challenges. The Corona-Pandemic has accelerated vaccine development in a successful way also leading to a new importance of healthy volunteers in the medical research landscape.

scholarly journals Determinants of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol Pharmacokinetics in a Cohort of Tuberculosis Patients

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1170-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen McIlleron ◽  
Peter Wash ◽  
André Burger ◽  
Jennifer Norman ◽  
Peter I. Folb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antituberculosis Drug ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Antituberculosis Treatment ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dosing Strategy

ABSTRACT Evaluation of sources of pharmacokinetic variation can facilitate optimization of tuberculosis treatment regimens by identification of avoidable sources of variation and of risk factors for low or high drug concentrations in patients. Our objective was to describe the pharmacokinetics of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in a cohort of tuberculosis patients established on first-line treatment regimens and to evaluate the determinants of pharmacokinetic variation. Plasma concentration-time profiles were determined for each of the drugs in 142 patients with drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis after 2 months of daily treatment in hospital. Pharmacokinetic measures were described by noncompartmental analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the patient and the treatment factors associated with variation of the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 h. Several factors independently associated with variations in antituberculosis drug concentrations were identified: human immunodeficiency virus infection was associated with 39% and 27% reductions for rifampin and ethambutol, respectively; formulation factors were determinants of rifampin and isoniazid bioavailability; female patients had increased rifampin and isoniazid concentrations but reduced ethambutol concentrations; older patients had higher levels of isoniazid and ethambutol; patients with a history of previous antituberculosis treatment had lower ethambutol concentrations; and the dose per kilogram of body weight was associated with the concentrations of all four agents. Further studies are required to assess the implications of variations in antituberculosis drug concentrations for efficacy and safety before decisions are made to change the dosing strategy in patients at risk.

WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL NARRATIVE: AT THE INTERSECTION OF HEALTH AND HISTORY

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Michelle Cooke ◽  
Judy Goforth Parker
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Wearable Technology ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Cultural Narrative ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Chickasaw Nation ◽  
History Of

Abstract Wearable technology has become a daily part of our lives. This technology is used to monitor such things as our heart rates, our sleeping patterns, and the number of steps we take. In fact, tracking steps is one of the most popular uses of wearable technology. But what motivates people to walk? In 2015, the Chickasaw Nation began working on a first-of-its-kind interactive walking application through our department of health, our department of culture and humanities, and our department of communications. The goal of this application was to encourage Chickasaw citizens to increase their walking habits through narrative motivation. As users walk, they unlock stories that are based on the history of the Chickasaw people. AYA is an intervention in health promotion and disease prevention. Our goal is to improve the lives of our citizens, and the app is one method we use for health promotion and disease prevention.

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