History of Diphtheria Vaccine Development

2013 ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rino Rappuoli ◽  
Enrico Malito
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Volunteers for clinical trials: from the history of abuses and exploitation to the inclusion movement, and to an income resource

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Christiane Druml
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
Consent Procedure ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Ethics Guidelines

Medical research is essential to develop new and better therapies, increase social standards and a better life for all of us. Scientific curiosity has helped to achieve many successful innovations, but history also demonstrates that research can lead to abuses of individuals neglecting autonomy and integrity of the human being. Since the 1960ies we have witnessed a continuous development of international regulations and ethics guidelines (soft law) in medical research, leading to a higher quality of scientific results. An important focus lies on recognizing human vulnerability and a therefore adapted informed consent procedure. Our modern clinical trials structure requires the inclusion of healthy volunteers in the first phases of the development of a new medicinal product, leading to new ethical questions and challenges. The Corona-Pandemic has accelerated vaccine development in a successful way also leading to a new importance of healthy volunteers in the medical research landscape.

Systems Biology-Based Approaches Applied to Vaccine Development

Data Mining ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1131-1148
Author(s):  
Patricio A. Manque ◽  
Ute Woehlbier
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genomic Revolution

Vaccines represent one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent and treat diseases. The use of vaccines in the control of viral diseases represents an important milestone in the history of medicine. The genomic revolution brought us the possibility to scan genomes in the search of new and more effective vaccine candidates and the advancement of bioinformatics provided the framework for the application of strategies that were focused not only on antigen discovery but also on comparative genomics, and pathogenic factor identification and data mining. In addition, the progress in post-genomic technologies including gene expression technologies such as microarray and proteomics gave us the opportunity to explore the host responses to vaccines leading to a better understanding of immune responses to pathogens and/or to vaccines, assisting in the development of new and better vaccines and adjuvants. This chapter will review how systems biology-based approaches including genomics, gene expression technologies, and bioinformatics have changed the way of thinking about antigen discovery and vaccine development. In addition, the chapter will discuss how the study of the host responses in combination with “in silico” approaches could help predict immunogenicity and improve the efficacy of vaccines.

scholarly journals Invasive Meningococcal Disease at Fort Ord and San Diego Naval Training Center, 1962–1964

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 397-399
Author(s):  
George W Christopher
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Training Center ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
History Of

Abstract Meningococcal epidemics at 2 training facilities were early examples of outbreaks fueled by military demographics and because of lethal drug-resistant bacteria for which there are no vaccines or chemoprophylaxis. Positive outcomes included the elucidation of the natural history of meningococcal colonization and disease and the initiation of vaccine development.

scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis as a tool for vaccine development: from antigen factories to delivery vectors

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís C.S. Ferreira ◽  
Rita C.C. Ferreira ◽  
Wolfgang Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Unstable Gene ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Close Relatives

Bacillus subtilis and some of its close relatives have a long history of industrial and biotechnological applications. Search for antigen expression systems based on recombinant B. subtilis strains sounds attractive both by the extensive genetic knowledge and the lack of an outer membrane, which simplify the secretion and purification of heterologous proteins. More recently, genetically modified B. subtilis spores have been described as indestructible delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens. Nonetheless both production and delivery of antigens by B. subtilis strains face some inherent obstacles, as unstable gene expression and reduced immunogenicity that, otherwise, can be overcome by already available gene technology approaches. In the present review we present the status of B. subtilis-based vaccine research, either as protein factories or delivery vectors, and discuss some alternatives for a better use of genetically modified strains.

scholarly journals Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Adams ◽  
Mark Ainsworth ◽  
Rekha Anand ◽  
Monique I. Andersson ◽  
Kathryn Auckland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Advisory Panel ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices. Methods: We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142). Results: ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar. Conclusions: Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.

scholarly journals The History of Anti-Trypanosome Vaccine Development Shows That Highly Immunogenic and Exposed Pathogen-Derived Antigens Are Not Necessarily Good Target Candidates: Enolase and ISG75 as Examples

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Stefan Magez ◽  
Zeng Li ◽  
Hang Thi Thu Nguyen ◽  
Joar Esteban Pinto Torres ◽  
Pieter Van Wielendaele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Good Target ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Vaccine Approach ◽  
Zoonotic Parasites

Salivarian trypanosomes comprise a group of extracellular anthroponotic and zoonotic parasites. The only sustainable method for global control of these infection is through vaccination of livestock animals. Despite multiple reports describing promising laboratory results, no single field-applicable solution has been successful so far. Conventionally, vaccine research focusses mostly on exposed immunogenic antigens, or the structural molecular knowledge of surface exposed invariant immunogens. Unfortunately, extracellular parasites (or parasites with extracellular life stages) have devised efficient defense systems against host antibody attacks, so they can deal with the mammalian humoral immune response. In the case of trypanosomes, it appears that these mechanisms have been perfected, leading to vaccine failure in natural hosts. Here, we provide two examples of potential vaccine candidates that, despite being immunogenic and accessible to the immune system, failed to induce a functionally protective memory response. First, trypanosomal enolase was tested as a vaccine candidate, as it was recently characterized as a highly conserved enzyme that is readily recognized during infection by the host antibody response. Secondly, we re-addressed a vaccine approach towards the Invariant Surface Glycoprotein ISG75, and showed that despite being highly immunogenic, trypanosomes can avoid anti-ISG75 mediated parasitemia control.

scholarly journals Recombinant protein subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccines formulated with CoVaccine HT adjuvant induce broad, Th1 biased, humoral and cellular immune responses in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Yun Lai ◽  
Albert To ◽  
Teri Ann S. Wong ◽  
Michael M. Lieberman ◽  
David E. Clements ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Outbred Mice ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACTThe speed at which several COVID-19 vaccines went from conception to receiving FDA and EMA approval for emergency use is an achievement unrivaled in the history of vaccine development. Mass vaccination efforts using the highly effective vaccines are currently underway to generate sufficient herd immunity and reduce transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Despite the most advanced vaccine technology, global recipient coverage, especially in resource-poor areas remains a challenge as genetic drift in naïve population pockets threatens overall vaccine efficacy. In this study, we described the production of insect-cell expressed SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomain and examined its immunogenicity in mice. We demonstrated that, when formulated with CoVaccine HT™adjuvant, an oil-in-water nanoemulsion compatible with lyophilization, our vaccine candidates elicit a broad-spectrum IgG response, high neutralizing antibody titers, and a robust, antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting response from immune splenocytes in outbred mice. Our findings lay the foundation for the development of a dry-thermostabilized vaccine that is deployable without refrigeration.

scholarly journals COVID-19: The Disease, the Immunological Challenges, the Treatment with Pharmaceuticals and Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2212
Author(s):  
Jihang Yu ◽  
Edouard I. Azzam ◽  
Ashok B. Jadhav ◽  
Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Books ◽  
Dose Radiation

The year 2020 will be carved in the history books—with the proliferation of COVID-19 over the globe and with frontline health workers and basic scientists worldwide diligently fighting to alleviate life-threatening symptoms and curb the spread of the disease. Behind the shocking prevalence of death are countless families who lost loved ones. To these families and to humanity as a whole, the tallies are not irrelevant digits, but a motivation to develop effective strategies to save lives. However, at the onset of the pandemic, not many therapeutic choices were available besides supportive oxygen, anti-inflammatory dexamethasone, and antiviral remdesivir. Low-dose radiation (LDR), at a much lower dosage than applied in cancer treatment, re-emerged after a 75-year silence in its use in unresolved pneumonia, as a scientific interest with surprising effects in soothing the cytokine storm and other symptoms in severe COVID-19 patients. Here, we review the epidemiology, symptoms, immunological alterations, mutations, pharmaceuticals, and vaccine development of COVID-19, summarizing the history of X-ray irradiation in non-COVID diseases (especially pneumonia) and the currently registered clinical trials that apply LDR in treating COVID-19 patients. We discuss concerns, advantages, and disadvantages of LDR treatment and potential avenues that may provide empirical evidence supporting its potential use in defending against the pandemic.

scholarly journals Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emily R Adams ◽  
Mark Ainsworth ◽  
Rekha Anand ◽  
Monique I Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Advisory Panel ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices.MethodsWe tested plasma for COVID (SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142).ResultsELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar.ConclusionsCurrently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.

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