Skizzen, Entwürfe, Konzepte, Arbeitsmanuskripte, Fassungen, Revisionen

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Armin Koch
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Compositional Process ◽  
Critical Editions ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
Felix Mendelssohn

Despite numerous studies of Felix Mendelssohn Barthody's compositional process as well as critical editions of many of his compositions, the relevant terminology is still in need of more precise definition. This applies in particular to the term "Fassung(en)" or "version(s)", which should be used to denote a self-contained and concluded state of a composition which manifests itself through dissemination, performance or publication. The present study supports this working hypothesis with several case studies and suggests a new term, "Konzept" (rough copy or preliminary concept) for a preceding compositional phase. It also argues that more precise terminology enhances our understanding of Mendelssohn's compositional process.

Life-form and Idealism

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
Derek Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Life Form ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Sense Experience ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Changing World

In this paper I shall suggest that philosophy which bases itself firmly inlife is incompatible with idealism. The example of such a philosophy to be discussed is the later work of Wittgenstein, and I shall define in what sense this is ‘based in life’, with particular reference to his concept of ‘Lebensform’, or ‘life-form’. I shall understand idealism to be, in general terms, the doctrine that idea is the primary, or the only, category of being. Various kinds of idealism may then be distinguished according to the precise definition each gives of ‘idea’, and of the category, if any, which is held to be less fundamental. Thus, in brief, in Platonic idealism, absolute immaterial being is ontologically prior to the changing world given to sense-experience; in the idealistic systems of more modern thought, mind is more fundamental than matter; or again, subject, or spirit, is more fundamental than object. While the various systems of idealism are properly classed together so far as they assign priority to the concept idea, it is clear that they differ in their interpretations of the concept. When one has in mind these differences, it is of course misconceived to speak of idealism as a single doctrine; nevertheless, it is plausible to suppose that philosophers have been led to apply the term ‘idealism’ to various systems despite their differences, because there is indeed a common tendency of thought to be found in them. The present paper takes this supposition as a working hypothesis, with the particular aim of establishing that philosophy based in life is incompatible with philosophy based in idea, whatever be reasonably meant by ‘idea’. In brief my argument will be this: that life is no idea.

scholarly journals Studio Improv as Compositional Process Through Case Studies of Ghanaian Hiplife and Afrobeats

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Adu-Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Musical Analysis ◽  
Dance Music ◽  
Compositional Process ◽  
New Production ◽  
Electronic Dance Music ◽  
The Way

This study is an examination of the music and working practices of three Ghanaian music producers, Appietus and DJ Breezy—as in much non-Western music, the definitions of composition and improvisation continuously disrupt each other. The studio highlights this blending of processes where the hardware and software can form both the instruments and compositional tools. Hip-hop and electronic dance music rely heavily on improvisation through studio techniques that are idiomatic to the genre, including sampling, sequencing and looping new musical ideas or material from an existing recording. Text and rhythm in Hip-hop are well documented but compositional process involving harmonic and melodic analysis, as well as close sonic study of new production techniques are often overlooked. The music of minority composers of new genres is under represented in scholarship. Therefore, this article focuses to a greater extent on musical analysis and studio, improvisation and compositional processes, with supporting observations on broader cultural context. The methodological approach in this article centers on transcriptions and music analysis, as well as research through interviews with the producers in Accra, Ghana. This blending of interview material and musical analysis (through transcription, reduction and ecological acoustics) examines distinct threads of Ghanaian and international music styles, their paths through different formal and informal networks of education and the environmental affects on their process. An analysis of these producers’ processes requires looking at both musical elements as well as the resources of education and environment, changing the way that we read these contexts by foregrounding the music itself. A brief history of Ghanaian music, from pre-independence to contemporary electronic dance music, including contemporary hiplife and afrobeats, is followed by case studies. In the case of Appietus’ music, transcriptions show Ghana’s unique highlife harmony and its idiomatic harmonic tendencies, whilst interview material on his process shows his unique methods of vocalization in combination with production tools that are informed by local formal and informal educational networks and the Internet. DJ Breezy’s vertically sparse, minimalist Hip-hop influenced afrobeats No. 1 hit, ‘Tonga,’ is analysed using ecological acoustics. In order to focus this paper, I argue that firstly, we rethink the relationship between improvisation and composition through the work of these producers, secondly, that we cannot analyze the music of these producers outside of context, we need to change the way in which we read the context, and thirdly, that we stop using a type of ethnography that exacerbates essentialism.

Clara Schumann

Music ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kregor
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Van Beethoven ◽  
Johannes Brahms ◽  
Piano Concerto ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Critical Editions ◽  
Piano Trio ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
Joseph Joachim ◽  
Felix Mendelssohn ◽  
The 19Th Century

Clara Schumann, née Wieck (b. 1819–d. 1896), ranks among the most important musical artists of the 19th century. As composer, she published twenty-one numbered compositions—including a piano concerto, piano trio, songs, and Lieder—in an era when it was uncommon for women to do so. As pianist, she was one of the first to consistently program the music of J. S. Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and her husband, Robert Schumann. And with a career that spanned more than half a century—from her solo debut in Leipzig at the age of eleven until her death sixty-six years later in Frankfurt—she came into contact with most of the major and minor artists of the day, including Woldemar Bargiel, Frédéric Chopin, Niels Gade, Joseph Joachim, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn, Pauline Viardot-Garcia, and Richard Wagner. Yet, despite these activities and associations, prior to about the 1980s she was rarely the subject of sustained scholarly study, except in cases where she provided context for the understanding of her husband’s life and works. Since the late 1970s, however, studies have proliferated (albeit almost exclusively in English- and German-language publications), with extensive coverage devoted to her family and associates, the cities she toured and places she called home, the role(s) in which gender played in shaping her image and compositions, her composition oeuvre, her editorial and pedagogical legacy, and her posthumous reception. These studies have benefited from the appearance of critical editions of almost her entire compositional catalogue. (Note that before her marriage in 1840, she was named Clara Wieck; from 1840 onward, Clara Schumann. For consistency’s sake, this article always refers to her as “Clara Schumann,” even if the respective scholarship does not or if the topic exclusively concerns her life or activities before marriage.)

scholarly journals Mutación del espacio económico a partir de la actividad turística: el caso de los barrios El Poblenou y Sants en Barcelona (2005-2016)

2019 ◽  
pp. 271-300
Author(s):  
Esteve Dot Jutglà
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Social Tension ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
Community Protests ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

La investigación describe la evolución de Barcelona como destino turístico, presenta los impactos turísticos y examina los agentes urbanos que participan en el desarrollo territorial en el periodo 2005-2016. Como caso de estudio se analiza la actividad turística en el espacio productivo de dos barrios con tradición industrial: El Poblenou y Sants. La hipótesis de trabajo es que ha habido desconcentración de la oferta turística de la ciudad que ha llevado a tensiones y a una movilización social en barrios con poca tradición turística. La metodología se basa en datos estadísticos y en entrevistas. This research aims to describe Barcelona's evolution as a tourist destination, analyse the impact of tourism on certain neighbourhoods and examine the sectors -administrative, social and economic- involved in urban development during the period 2005-2016. Used as case studies are two ex-industrial neighbourhoods: Poblenou and Sants. The working hypothesis: a decentralisation of tourism in Barcelona has led to social tension and community protests in neighbourhoods with little prior experience of tourism. The methodology is based on statistical data and in-depth interviews.

scholarly journals Urban ‘tourism exploration space’: the example of Łódź

Turyzm ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław Liszewski
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Urban Tourism ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Geographical Space

The author refers to the concept of ‘tourism space’ published earlier, and confronts this notion with a definition of ‘urban space’, bearing in mind that both these ‘spaces’ are subspaces of general ‘geographical space’. Assuming that each is distinguished on the basis of differing criteria, the author believes that the tourism function which gives rise to ‘tourism space’ can develop within ‘urban space’. Further on, the formulation of a precise definition of urban ‘tourism exploration space’ is focused on, which is understood as a personal space of created in the discovery of a city. The conclusion includes three case studies of urban ‘tourism exploration space’ in Łódź: Bidermann family properties, Piotrkowska courtyards and the ‘Green Ring of Tradition and Culture’.

Life-form and Idealism

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Life Form ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Sense Experience ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Changing World

In this paper I shall suggest that philosophy which bases itself firmly inlife is incompatible with idealism. The example of such a philosophy to be discussed is the later work of Wittgenstein, and I shall define in what sense this is ‘based in life’, with particular reference to his concept of ‘Lebensform’, or ‘life-form’. I shall understand idealism to be, in general terms, the doctrine that idea is the primary, or the only, category of being. Various kinds of idealism may then be distinguished according to the precise definition each gives of ‘idea’, and of the category, if any, which is held to be less fundamental. Thus, in brief, in Platonic idealism, absolute immaterial being is ontologically prior to the changing world given to sense-experience; in the idealistic systems of more modern thought, mind is more fundamental than matter; or again, subject, or spirit, is more fundamental than object. While the various systems of idealism are properly classed together so far as they assign priority to the concept idea, it is clear that they differ in their interpretations of the concept. When one has in mind these differences, it is of course misconceived to speak of idealism as a single doctrine; nevertheless, it is plausible to suppose that philosophers have been led to apply the term ‘idealism’ to various systems despite their differences, because there is indeed a common tendency of thought to be found in them. The present paper takes this supposition as a working hypothesis, with the particular aim of establishing that philosophy based in life is incompatible with philosophy based in idea, whatever be reasonably meant by ‘idea’. In brief my argument will be this: that life is no idea.

scholarly journals “I'll Never Know Exactly Who Did What”: Broadway Composers as Musical Collaborators

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Compositional Process ◽  
Performance Score ◽  
Collaborative Activity ◽  
Richard Rodgers ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Performance Events ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Frederick Loewe

Though published vocal scores of Broadway musicals imply sole musical authorship the archives reveal a more complex picture. Five case studies illustrate different approaches to the compositional process in the 1940s and 1950s: Richard Rodgers, who produced fair copies in piano-vocal score for each of his songs; Cole Porter, who regularly used an amanuensis but sometimes produced fair copies; Frank Loesser, who initially used an amanuensis but later in his career produced detailed fragments of music for his arrangers to turn into performance scores; Frederick Loewe, who worked closely with an arranger to produce fair copies; and Robert Wright and George Forrest, who went through a complicated process of selecting and adapting the work of composers of art music such as Borodin and Rachmaninov. Detailed study of the available manuscripts makes clear that score production was nearly always a collaborative activity on Broadway, whether it involved amanuenses, copyists, arrangers, or orchestrators. Although in each of these cases the named composer retains an authorial role, in practical terms the archives reveal them to be “collaborators” rather than “authors,” working as a member of a team to create each performance score. As such, their aims were to facilitate performance events rather than to produce fixed works.

Initial Polymerization Sites Indicated During Mitochondrial Oxidation of Diaminobenzidine after Toluene Treatment

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
W. A. Shannon ◽  
M. A. Matlib
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Cytochemical Localization ◽  
Oxidative Reaction ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exogenous Substrates

Numerous studies have dealt with the cytochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase via cytochrome c. More recent studies have dealt with indicating initial foci of this reaction by altering incubation pH (1) or postosmication procedure (2,3). The following study is an attempt to locate such foci by altering membrane permeability. It is thought that such alterations within the limits of maintaining morphological integrity of the membranes will ease the entry of exogenous substrates resulting in a much quicker oxidation and subsequently a more precise definition of the oxidative reaction.The diaminobenzidine (DAB) method of Seligman et al. (4) was used. Minced pieces of rat liver were incubated for 1 hr following toluene treatment (5,6). Experimental variations consisted of incubating fixed or unfixed tissues treated with toluene and unfixed tissues treated with toluene and subsequently fixed.

Corporate Sustainability: Challenge to Managerial Orthodoxies

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dexter Dunphy
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Sustainability Management

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the issue of corporate sustainability. It examines why achieving sustainability is becoming an increasingly vital issue for society and organisations, defines sustainability and then outlines a set of phases through which organisations can move to achieve increasing levels of sustainability. Case studies are presented of organisations at various phases indicating the benefits, for the organisation and its stakeholders, which can be made at each phase. Finally the paper argues that there is a marked contrast between the two competing philosophies of neo-conservatism (economic rationalism) and the emerging philosophy of sustainability. Management schools have been strongly influenced by economic rationalism, which underpins the traditional orthodoxies presented in such schools. Sustainability represents an urgent challenge for management schools to rethink these traditional orthodoxies and give sustainability a central place in the curriculum.

Short-Form Application of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test to Latino Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-235
Author(s):  
David L. Ratusnik ◽  
Carol Melnick Ratusnik ◽  
Karen Sattinger
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Data Application ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
Multiple Regression Technique

Short-form versions of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar (Toronto, 1973) and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test (Lee, 1971) were devised for use with bilingual Latino children while preserving the original normative data. Application of a multiple regression technique to data collected on 60 lower social status Latino children (four years and six months to seven years and one month) from Spanish Harlem and Yonkers, New York, yielded a small but powerful set of predictor items from the Spanish and English tests. Clinicians may make rapid and accurate predictions of STSG or NSST total screening scores from administration of substantially shortened versions of the instruments. Case studies of Latino children from Chicago and Miami serve to cross-validate the procedure outside the New York metropolitan area.

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