scholarly journals Joseph Berres’s Phototyp

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-169
Author(s):  
Martin Jürgens ◽  
Ioannis Vasallos ◽  
Lénia Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Second Person ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Future ◽  
Intaglio Printing

Following Alfred Donné in Paris, the Austrian Joseph Berres was the second person in history to convert unique daguerreotypes into intaglio printing plates by etching them in acid and then printing them in ink on paper. Berres’s experiments culminated in the booklet Phototyp nach der Erfindung des Professors Berres in Wien (1840), which is considered the first photomechanically illustrated publication. Today, Phototyp is recognized as a key work in the pioneering combination of photography and traditional printmaking as a means of disseminating visual information in the mid-nineteenth century. In this study, the four prints in the Rijksmuseum’s copy of Phototyp, one of only three known remaining copies worldwide, were compared to prints found in other collections. The survey revealed that far fewer prints exist today than were originally produced. The Rijksmuseum prints were also analysed by microscopy and both X-ray and Infrared Spectroscopy. These findings were helpful in the ensuing re-creation of Berres’s process using newly made daguerreotypes. In practical terms, Berres’s process turned out to be far more complex to carry out than his recipes implied. Nevertheless, this endeavour resulted in a better understanding of the materials and methods involved, knowledge that may help in identifying more Berres prints in other collections in the future.

Fin-de-Siècle Salonica

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Şükrü Hanioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Circle Of Friends ◽  
New Institutions

This chapter discusses Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's childhood in the ancient Macedonian capital of Salonica. The future founder of the Turkish Republic was born one winter, either in 1880 or in 1881. His upbringing was more liberal than that of most lower-class Muslims. No one in his family's circle of friends and relatives, for instance, practiced polygamy. Likewise, his father reportedly drank alcohol, which was abhorred by conservatives. The confusing dualism produced in Ottoman society by the reforms of the nineteenth century had its first imprint on Mustafa when his parents entered into a heated argument about his education. There is little doubt that Mustafa Kemal's deep-seated predilection for new institutions and practices owed much to his years as one of a handful of students in the empire who had their primary education at a private elementary school devoid of a strong religious focus.

Multidisciplinary Investigations of a Double Sided Wooden Icon from Nicula Monastery, Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2747-2752
Author(s):  
Constantin Marutoiu ◽  
Ioan Bratu ◽  
Mircea Gelu Buta ◽  
Olivia Florena Nemes ◽  
Sergiu Petru Timbus(Monk Siluan) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Painting Materials ◽  
The Status

A two-sided wooden icon from a monastery in Transylvania was submitted for multidisciplinary investigations involving X-Ray Fluorescence, Radiographic Photographyand Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The most important part of the icon is St. Nicholas wooden icon, painted over forty years ago. The spectroscopic methods used revealed the painting materials composition, the status of the wooden stage, and the presence of resins as varnish (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). On one side, the St Nicholasicon was painted over an old icon, St. Arch. Michael, which was evidenced by X-Ray Photography. The obtained data can serve for the preservation and the restoration of these wooden icons.

Prologue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Antebellum America ◽  
Women Slaves ◽  
Military Planning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future War

This introduction explains that looming, a nineteenth-century term for a superior mirage, shows us how visions of the future war affected antebellum America. First, some spark, an event or object, captured people’s attention. Second, a unique atmosphere elevated and enlarged that spark, making it loom greater than reality. Before the Civil War was fought or remembered, it was imagined by thousands of Americans who peered at the horizon through an apocalyptic atmosphere. Third, observers focused on it and reported what appeared to be beyond the horizon. Popular forecasts rose from leaders but also women, slaves, immigrants, and common soldiers. These imaginings shaped politics, military planning, and the economy. The prologue identifies the two prevailing temporalities of antebellum America, anticipations and expectations, and calls for more historical attention to the diverse temporalities of past people.

Synthesis, Characterisation and Structural Studies of [Zn(phen)3][Fe(CN)5(NO)]·2H2O·0.25MeOH and [(bipy)2(H2O)Zn(μ-NC)Fe(CN)4(NO)]·0.5H2O

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 916-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitabha Datta ◽  
Samiran Mitra ◽  
Georgina Rosair
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Octahedral Geometry ◽  
Distorted Octahedral Geometry ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Crystal Lattices ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Distorted Octahedral ◽  
Solvent Molecules

Two new bimetallic complexes [Zn(phen)3][Fe(CN)5(NO)] · 2 H2O · 0.25 MeOH, (1) and [(bipy)2(H2O)Zn(μ-NC)Fe(CN)4(NO)] · 0.5 H2O, (2), have been isolated (where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and bipy = bipyridyl) and characterised by X-ray crystallography [as the 2 H2O · 0.25 CH3OH solvate for (1) and hemihydrate for (2)] infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Substitution of phenanthroline for bipyridyl resulted in a cyano-bridged bimetallic species rather than two discrete mononuclear metal complexes. The bond angles of Fe-N-O were shown to be practically linear for both 1 [179.2(7)°] and 2 [178.3(3)°], and the Zn atoms have distorted octahedral geometry. The solvent molecules in both crystal lattices take part in forming hydrogen-bonded networks.

scholarly journals IUE Studies of Luminous X-Ray Binaries

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 648-648
Author(s):  
J.B. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Magellanic Clouds ◽  
Thick Shell ◽  
High Luminosity ◽  
Uv Spectrum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Unique Object ◽  
The Future ◽  
Orbit Inclination ◽  
Supercritical Accretion ◽  
X Ray Binaries

IUE has been used to study 11 high luminosity X-ray binaries, of which 3 are in the Magellanic Clouds. In the supergiant systems, X-ray ionisation bubbles have been found in most cases, leading to a greater understanding of the winds and accretion processes. Further studies of precessing objects such as LMC X-4 with IUE and ST are clearly of considerable interest, relating to X-ray heating and blanketing. Detailed studies of the Cyg X-l ionisation bubble may resolve the long standing puzzle of its orbit inclination and masses. UV continua have furnished valuable information on extinction, temperatures and luminosities, and the presence of non-stellar (i.e. disk) luminosity. Here too, more detailed studies are clearly indicated for the future. A unique object of interest is the LMC transient 0538-66 whose UV spectrum has quasarlike lines and luminosity which varies oppositely to the visible. This may be a case of supercritical accretion generating an optically thick shell (“disk”) about the pulsar.

Quantification of Starch Order in Physically Modified Rice Flours Using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
pp. 000370282110282
Author(s):  
Daitaro Ishikawa ◽  
Jiamin Yang ◽  
Tomoyuki Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Ordered Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Glucose Unit ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Ray Scattering

The purpose of this study was to understand the ordered structure of starch in rice flour based on a physical modification with non-heating, milling, and water sorption through the structural evaluation of rice flour using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and infrared spectroscopy within the 4000–100 cm−1 region. The SAXS pattern of the samples with low moisture contents subjected to milling yield a band within the 0.4–0.9 nm−1 of the q range owing to a lamellar repeat of starch with an ordered structure in rice flour. We proposed an order parameter using the intensity of the SAXS band to quantify the order structure of starch in rice flour, and the true density was negatively correlated with the order parameter. Infrared band at 990 cm−1 in COH bending mode applied to the hydroxyl group of C6 shifted to a low wavenumber corresponding to the order parameter. A linear correlation was found between the order parameter and the 990 cm−1 and band at 861 cm−1 owing to COC symmetrical stretching of glycoside bond and CH2 deformation of the glucose unit of starch, 572, 472, and 436 cm−1, owing to the pyranose ring in the glucose unit of starch. The identified infrared bands are effective for quantifying the ordered structure of starch at the lamellar level. When subjected to water sorption, the band position at 990 cm−1 shifted to a higher wavenumber above a water activity of 0.7. This result revealed that the water-induced transition of glass to rubber of starch in rice flour can be clearly evaluated through infrared spectroscopy using the band at 990 cm−1. In addition, the band at 861 cm−1 also shifted to a higher wavenumber, whereas those at 572 and 436 cm−1 did not show a significant shift. These results indicate that water sorption slightly affects the internal structure and may mainly affect the surface of starch.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document