The Depolarization of Light Scattered in Solutions of Rubber Like Polymers

1947 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-915
Author(s):  
V. Tsvetkov ◽  
E. Frisman
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
The State ◽  
Dispersed Phase ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
State Of Polarization ◽  
Depolarization Of Light

Abstract Investigation of the depolarization of light, Δ, scattered by colloidal solutions is one of the methods of determining the dimensions, shape and optical properties of the particles suspended in them. A study of the state of polarization of the scattered light is found to be especially helpful in this respect. If the incident beam is directed along the x-axis of a rectangular system of coördinates and observation is carried out along the y-axis, the degree of depolarization of the scattered light is usually determined by the ratio Δ=Ix'Iz, where Ix and Iz are the x- and z-components, respectively, of the scattered light. Here one should discriminate between the quantity Δv (the electrical vector of the incident light parallel to the z-axis) and the quantity Δh (the electrical vector of the incident light parallel to the y-axis). On the basis of theories advanced by Rayleigh, Mie, and Gans one may draw the following general conclusions regarding the relation between Δ and the properties of the dispersed phase.

scholarly journals On the theory of scattering of light

1938 ◽  
Vol 166 (926) ◽  
pp. 425-449 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scattered Light ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
The State ◽  
Reciprocity Relation ◽  
Scattering Of Light ◽  
Plane Parallel ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
State Of Polarization ◽  
Light Components

In a series of recent investigations R. S. Krishnan (1934-8) demonstrated the existence of a new effect which will be called the Krishnan effect. It relates to the state of polarization of the light scattered by certain liquid or solid media in directions normal to the incident beam. To describe the effect let us denote with π the plane parallel to the direction of observation and to that of the incident beam. Since in the experiment this plane is usually horizontal we denote by H the intensity of those scattered light components which vibrate parallel to this plane, and by V those vibrating normal to π. In a similar manner subscripts h or v indicate whether the incident light vibrates parallel or normal to the plane. We distinguish therefore (see fig. 1) the four light components H h , H v , V h and V v . Following Krishnan the depolarizations are defined by P h = V h / H h , p v = H v / V v , p u = ( H h + H v )/( V h / V v ). p u is the depolarization for natural incident light. For most liquids the observations give, in agreement with the theories of temperature scattering, H h = V h = H v , hence p h = 1, p u = 2 p v /(1+ p v ). The Krishnan effect is the observation that in a number of liquid and solid systems p h = V h / H h ≠ 1, and V h = H v . Krishnan has called (2) the reciprocity relation. All observations have given p h < 1, but none of the present theories exclude the possibility that p h may assume values larger than 1.

LIGHT SCATTERING TECHNIQUES FOR DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN OIL AND PARTICULATES IN CONTAMINATED WATER

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Oil Droplets ◽  
State Of Polarization

ABSTRACT Light scattering techniques are used in several oil-in-water monitors, proposed or in existence. Particulate matter which may interfere with these monitors is also frequently found in oily wastes. An analysis is made of the potential of using measurements of the angular intensity distribution of scattered light in conjunction with determination of the state of polarization of the scattered light for discriminating between oil and particulates. The size conditions which apply to the oil droplets and particulates relative to the incident light allow the scattered light angular intensity distribution to be treated as a consequence of a combination of classical diffraction and of geometrical refraction and reflection. The state of polarization of the scattered light for oil droplets is investigated using expressions for the electric field which are approximations to the expressions of the Mie theory. For the particulate matter, the state of polarization is probed on the basis of light reflected from a plane. It is found that it would be difficult to discriminate between oil and particulates using measurements of the angular intensity distribution of scattered light even in conjunction with the determination of the state of polarization of the scattered light in a real life situation.

scholarly journals Detection and study of polarized pulsed photoluminescence of diamonds for mapping of natural diamond

2021 ◽  
Vol 2127 (1) ◽  
pp. 012050
Author(s):  
G K Krasin ◽  
N G Stsepuro ◽  
M S Kovalev ◽  
P A Danilov ◽  
S I Kudryashov
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Natural Diamond ◽  
The State ◽  
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
State Of Polarization

Abstract The bulk mapping of natural diamond poses problems where it is required to characterize various defects and measure their optical properties in volume. The combination of photoluminescence spectroscopy methods and methods for detecting the state of polarization in the volume will expand the functionality for mapping natural and artificial diamonds. The implemented methods will be an effective tool for the structural description of diamond optical centers.

scholarly journals The structure of molecules in relation to their optical anisotropy.—Part I

1925 ◽  
Vol 107 (744) ◽  
pp. 684-693 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Anisotropy ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Electric Vector ◽  
Scattering Of Light ◽  
Structure Of Molecules ◽  
Weak Component ◽  
Principal Directions

One of the most significant facts relating to the scattering of light in gases is the imperfection of polarisation of the light scattered in a direction perpendicular to the incident beam. The late Lord Rayleigh and Born explained this phenomenon as being due to the optical anisotropy of the molecule, that is, to the fact that the polarisation induced in a molecule depends on its orientation with respect to the electric vector in the incident light. Lord Rayleigh’s theory does not go into the question as to how the anistropy arises, but merely assumes that there are in each molecule three principal directions of vibration, along which the induced polarisations are different. If A, B, C are the moments induced in a molecule when its three principal directions are respectively along the direction of the electric vector in the incident light, then the ratio of the weak component to the strong in the transversely scattered light is given by r = 2 (A 2 + B 2 + C 2 ) - 2 (AB + BC + CA) / 4 (A 2 + B 2 + C 2 ) + AB + BC + CA. We now possess reliable measurements of the imperfection of polarisation in many gases and vapours, from the work of Lord Rayleigh and of Raman and Rao. Recently there has been carried out at Calcutta further measurement of the same quantity, in a series of organic vapours, by Mr. A. S. Ganesan. Some of these results are collected together in Table I.

scholarly journals Light-Scattering Simulations from Spherical Bimetallic Core–Shell Nanoparticles

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Francesco Ruffino
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Bimetallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
The Core

Bimetallic nanoparticles show novel electronic, optical, catalytic or photocatalytic properties different from those of monometallic nanoparticles and arising from the combination of the properties related to the presence of two individual metals but also from the synergy between the two metals. In this regard, bimetallic nanoparticles find applications in several technological areas ranging from energy production and storage to sensing. Often, these applications are based on optical properties of the bimetallic nanoparticles, for example, in plasmonic solar cells or in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based sensors. Hence, in these applications, the specific interaction between the bimetallic nanoparticles and the electromagnetic radiation plays the dominant role: properties as localized surface plasmon resonances and light-scattering efficiency are determined by the structure and shape of the bimetallic nanoparticles. In particular, for example, concerning core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles, the optical properties are strongly affected by the core/shell sizes ratio. On the basis of these considerations, in the present work, the Mie theory is used to analyze the light-scattering properties of bimetallic core–shell spherical nanoparticles (Au/Ag, AuPd, AuPt, CuAg, PdPt). By changing the core and shell sizes, calculations of the intensity of scattered light from these nanoparticles are reported in polar diagrams, and a comparison between the resulting scattering efficiencies is carried out so as to set a general framework useful to design light-scattering-based devices for desired applications.

A Novel Technique for Reconstruction of the State of Polarization by Fourier Transform Holography

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Soumika Munsm ◽  
S. Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Ajay Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
The State ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
State Of Polarization

When elites polarize over polarization: Framing the polarization debate in Turkey – RETRACTED

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 109-133
Author(s):  
Senem Aydın-Düzgit ◽  
Evren Balta
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Degree Of Polarization ◽  
State Of Polarization ◽  
The Government ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThis article aims to explore the views of the Turkish elite on the state of polarization in Turkey. By identifying four political frames—namely, harmony, continuity/decline, conspiracy, and conflict—that selected Turkish political and civil society elites use in discussing the phenomenon of polarization in the country through their contributions to a workshop and in-depth qualitative interviews, the article finds that there is a considerable degree of polarization among the Turkish elite regarding their views on the presence of polarization in Turkey. Moreover, this overlaps with the divide between the government and the opposition in the country. An analysis of the justificatory arguments employed in constituting the aforementioned frames shows that, while those elites who deny the existence of polarization seek its absence in essentialist characteristics of society, in reductionist comparisons with history, or in internal/external enemies, those who acknowledge polarization’s presence look for its roots in political and institutional factors and processes. The article highlights how, given the denial of polarization by the pro-government elite and the substantial gap between the two camps’ justificatory narratives, the currently reported high rates of polarization in Turkey can, at best, be expected to remain as is in the near future, barring a radical change in political constellations.

scholarly journals Magneto-Optical Properties of In-Plane Bi-YIG Films with Oblique-Incident Light.

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
N. Kawai ◽  
Z. Hirano ◽  
E. Komuro ◽  
T. Namikawa ◽  
Y. Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Incident Light

scholarly journals Orientation dependence of optical activity in light scattering by nanoparticle clusters

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atefeh Fazel Najafabadi ◽  
Baptiste Auguié
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Optical Activity ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Orientation Dependence ◽  
Nanoparticle Clusters

The optical properties of nanoparticle clusters vary with the spatial arrangement of the constituent particles, but also the overall orientation of the cluster with respect to the incident light. This...

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SOLID DISPERSIONS ON THE SOLUBILITY OF METRONIDAZOLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
I. I. Krasnyuk (Jr.) ◽  
S. R. Naryshkin ◽  
I. I. Krasnyuk ◽  
A. V. Belyatskaya ◽  
O. I. Stepanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Solid Dispersion ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Polyethylene Glycols ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
Constant Weight

The aim of the work is to study the effect of solid dispersions using polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights on the solubility of metronidazole in water. Metronidazole is an antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drug. Its low solubility in water limits the use of metronidazole, causing technological difficulties and reducing its bioavailability. The solubility and release of the active substance from dosage forms can be increased using the solid dispersion methods. Solid dispersions are bi- or multicomponent systems consisting of an active substance and a carrier (a highly dispersed solid phase of the active substance or molecular-dispersed solid solutions) with a partial formation of complexes of variable compositions with the carrier material.Materials and methods. The substance of metronidazole used in the experiment, was manufactured by Hubei Hongyuan Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. (China). To obtain solid dispersions, polyethylene glycols of various molar masses – 1500, 2000 and 3000 g/mol – were used. The solid dispersions were prepared by “the solvent removal method”: metronidazole and the polymer were dissolved in a minimum volume of 96% ethyl alcohol (puriss. p.a./analytical grade) at 65±2°C, and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum to the constant weight. A vacuum pump and a water bath were used at the temperature of 40±2°C. The dissolution of the samples was studied using a magnetic stirrer with heating, and a thermostatting device. The concentration of metronidazole was determined on a spectrophotometer using quartz cuvettes at the wavelength of 318±2 nm. To filter the solutions, syringe nozzles were used, the pores were 0.45 μm, the filter was nylon. Microcrystalloscopy was performed using a microscope with a digital camera. The optical properties of the solutions were investigated using a quartz cuvette and a mirror camera (the image exposure – 20 sec).Results. Obtaining solid dispersions increases the completeness and rate of the metronidazole dissolution. The solubility of metronidazole from solid dispersions increases by 14–17% in comparison with the original substance. The complex of physical-chemical methods of the analysis, including UV spectrophotometry, microcrystalloscopy and the study of the optical properties of the obtained solutions, makes it possible to suggest the following. The increase in the solubility of metronidazole from solid dispersions is explained by the loss of crystallinity and the formation of a solid solution of the active substance and the solubilizing effect of the polymer with the formation of colloidal solutions of metronidazole at subsequent dissolution of the solid dispersion in water.Conclusion. The preparation of solid dispersions with polyethylene glycols improves the dissolution of metronidazole in water. The results obtained are planned to be used in the development of rapidly dissolving solid dosage forms of metronidazole with an accelerated release and an increased bioavailability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document