SILICA-REINFORCED EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREADS — PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela J. Martin ◽  
Paul Brown ◽  
Andrew V. Chapman ◽  
Stuart Cook
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
On The Road

ABSTRACT Concerns regarding climate change and public health have compelled governments to reduce the environmental impact of transport. Many countries are introducing tire labeling and legislation targeting rolling resistance, wet grip, and noise. The proposed U.S. tire label also includes wear performance. Implementation of tire labeling is enabling buyers to choose better tires. The tire industry is responding to these demands and is developing the next generation of green tires. Current passenger tire tread technology is primarily petroleum based; however, the long-term availability of fossil-fuel supplies is limited. Thus a further step to minimize the environmental impact and carbon footprint of tires over their life cycle is to use sustainable materials not derived from fossil-fuels. Sumitomo Rubber Industries used epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) reinforced with silica in their route to a greener fossil-fuel free tire (the ENASAVE 100). At 25 mol% epoxidation, ENR has a glass transition temperature (Tg) most suitable for tread applications. Silica-filled ENR-25 tread compounds deliver lower rolling resistance, hence reduced fuel consumption, and enhanced wet and ice traction compared with benchmark premium passenger or truck treads. Optimization of wear performance to extend product durability is a current focus of research. However, correlation between laboratory abrasion and on-the-road tire wear is notoriously poor. The Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC) have used light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to ascertain a mechanistic insight into tread wear, using results from wear studies on-the-road and laboratory abrasion. The results indicate that the mechanism of on-the-road tire wear differs from that of in-laboratory Akron abrasion tests.

Tire-Road Interactions — Harmony or Conflict?

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Tire Wear

Abstract This is a summary of work by the author and his colleagues, as well as by others reported in the literature, that demonstrate a need for considering a vehicle, its tires, and the road surface as a system. The central theme is interaction at the footprint, especially that of truck tires. Individual and interactive effects of road and tires are considered under the major topics of road aggregate (macroscopic and microscopic properties), development of a novel road surface, safety, noise, rolling resistance, riding comfort, water drainage by both road and tire, development of tire tread compounds and a proving ground, and influence of tire wear on wet traction. A general conclusion is that road surfaces have both the major effect and the greater potential for improvement.

A Laboratory Method to Comprehensively Evaluate Abrasion, Traction and Rolling Resistance of Tire Tread Compounds

2007 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Heinz ◽  
K. A. Grosch
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Side Force ◽  
The Road ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
On The Road

Abstract A laboratory test method has been developed which allows the evaluation of diverse properties of tire tread compounds on the same sample. The laboratory test instrument consists of a rotating abrasive disk against which a rubber sample wheel runs under a given load, slip angle and speed. All three force components acting on the wheel during the tests are recorded. By changing the variable values over a wide range practically all severities encountered in tire wear are covered. The well-known fact that compound ratings depend on the road testing conditions is verified. Most compounds are only significantly distinguishable against a control over a limited range of testing conditions. Using a road test simulation computer program based on the laboratory data shows that not only ratings correspond to practical experience but also calculated absolute tire life times do. Tests on surfaces of different coarseness and sharpness indicate that sharp coarse surfaces give the best results with road tests, which of necessity are mostly carried out on public roads of differing constitution. The abrasive surface can be wetted with water at different temperatures and hence either the friction force at a locked wheel or the side force at a slipping wheel can be measured over a wide range of temperatures and speeds. At small slip angles the side force is dominated by dynamic cornering stiffness of the compound, at large slip angles by the friction coefficient. In this case, too, good correlations to road experience exist over a limited range of testing conditions. Low water temperatures and low slip speed settings in the laboratory produce side force ratings, which correlate closely with ABS braking on the road High and higher slip speeds give ratings in close agreement with locked wheel braking on the road. A heatable/coolable disk enables traction measurements on ice and newly abrasion measurements on surfaces at elevated surface temperature. Ice surface temperatures between −5 °C and −25 °C are possible. Friction measurements show that the difference in compound rating between summer and winter compounds is maintained over the whole temperature range. New investigations show not only a differentiation between different winter tire treads qualities but also an excellent correlation between tire and laboratory results. As a new topic side force measurements on dry surfaces highlight the correlation to dry handling of tires. The tire tread compound contributes to this performance through its shear stiffness and its friction coefficient. The shear stiffness contributes to the response of the tire in directional changes. The friction coefficient determines the maximum force, which can be transmitted. A simple operation possibility for evaluation of determined side forces is demonstrated. In addition to antecedent investigations the rolling resistance of the rubber wheel can be measured over a range of loads and speeds with the slip angle set at zero. Again for these new results good correlations are achieved with practical experience. In particular, the dependence of the rolling resistance on the velocity and loads are pointed out. Ultimately a good correlation between tire test and laboratory test results was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Analysis of driving behaviours of truck drivers using motorway tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (13) ◽  
pp. 3103-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbing Gao ◽  
Haibo Chen ◽  
Kaushali Dave ◽  
Junyan Chen ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Acceleration Process ◽  
Fuel Saving ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
On The Road

Road transportations still play a dominant role in goods delivery, and driving behaviours significantly affect the fuel economy of heavy-duty trucks. Plenty of fossil fuel is wasted as a result of unreasonable driving behaviours even in the case of highly experienced drivers. The objective of this paper is to analyse drivers’ behaviours over two segments of motorways and estimate the potential benefits of fuel saving caused by a change in driving habits during national and international goods delivery. Drivers’ habits on motorways change depending on the road situations. In the acceleration process, the fuel consumption rates are huge even under low-speed conditions. The truck fuel consumption rates are exaggerated by positive road slopes, but still dominated by acceleration. Accelerations are generally in normal distributions, with the median value being approximately 0.5 m/s2. The speed ranges corresponding to each gear enlarge with the increase in gear number. The potentials of annual fuel saving for parts of European Union countries are nearly 2 × 106 m3 by adopting proper driving behaviours.

Correlation between Laboratory Abrasion and Road Testing

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Road ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Road Testing ◽  
Abrasion Testing ◽  
Very High ◽  
Reference Mixture

Abstract In a preceding article, we expressed the hypothesis that probably no discontinuity exists between abrasion testing on the road and that on laboratory machines. The latter showed the peculiarity of being characterized by its very high severity. Let us recall briefly that the severity is expressed by the absolute wear of a reference mixture during the test considered. We were able to verify the existence of a relationship independent of the type of testing carried out, but a function of the severity of the tests, between the wear of an experimental mixture and a reference mixture. This relation manifests itself in different types of mixtures in the form of regressing lines. These are shown in Figure 1 where we have used logarithmic coordinates. The correlation coefficients calculated for different regressions are in the neighborhood of 0.93 to 0.95 and consequently very highly significant. The interpretation and use of the curves shown on the graph necessitates, however, a few remarks of importance: Firstly, it must be noted that each of the lines corresponds to a particular standard of comparison. Each of them is independent of the others. for example, for that labelled “Rubber-Resin A”, the comparison rests on the wear of this type of combination rubber-resin as a function of the wear of the mixture (natural rubber containing 28 volumes of HAF black) having served as a reference for the tests, while for the line labelled “Rubber + SAF black”, the reference mixture is a natural rubber containing 28 volumes of MPC black. It will not be necessary then, in any case to compare the curve for “Rubber-SAF Black” to that for “Rubber-Resin A”.

Study on silica-based rubber composites with epoxidized natural rubber and solution styrene butadiene rubber

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112097139
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Polar Functional Groups ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Carbon black has been replaced with silica as a reinforcing filler in tire tread compounds. This change has led to lower rolling resistance and improved hysteretic losses of so-called “green tires.” However, the dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix is an important issue due to the poor compatibility of hydrophilic silica with a hydrophobic rubber matrix. Recently, some rubbers with polar functional groups that can interact with silica have been studied to improve the interaction in silica-filled rubber composites. In this work, we fabricated the silica-filled rubber composites with solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and evaluated their properties in a silica-containing rubber formulation compared to conventional SBR and NR. The silica-embedded polar rubber matrix exhibits remarkable enhancement in the modulus, tensile strength, and abrasion properties due to an efficient dispersion of the silica and improvement of interfacial interactions with the rubber matrix. The polar rubber composite exhibits an enhanced dry and wet braking and improved rolling resistance due to the improved dispersion of the silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with polar rubbers have great potential for tire engineering applications.

Modernization of the Trailer for Tyre/Road Rolling Resistance Measurements

2011 ◽  
Vol 490 ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Woźniak ◽  
Stanislaw Taryma ◽  
Grzegorz Ronowski
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Test System ◽  
Inertia Force ◽  
The Road ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Resistance Tests

In the article the ways of defining tyre rolling resistance are presented. The advantages of the laboratory tests of tyre/road rolling resistance and the advantages and the disadvantages of on the road tyre/road rolling resistance tests are described. The description of the special trailer used for tyre/road rolling resistance measurements designed and constructed in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology is presented also. The trailer during it’s modernisation was equipped with special test systems which compensate the impact of disturbance factors such as: aerodynamic drag and inertia force acting on the tested tyre, slope of the road, tilt of the trailer and vibrations of the measuring arm. This article contains the description of only one compensation system applied in the measuring trailer which eliminates the aerodynamic drag. The conclusions which came from the measurements performed using this compensation test system are included.

Benefits from Constructing a Dam Across the Vistula in Siarzewo in Terms of Transport and Environmental Protection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kempa ◽  
Jacek Chmielewski ◽  
Grzegorz Bebyn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Dam Construction ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
On The Road

This paper presents the results of analyses that concern the benefits from the planned construction of a dam across the Vistula in Siarzewo. The simulated transport model developed in the VISUM environment has been used to determine the forecast traffic intensity, the value of traffic volume indices, transport activity, travel times of drivers and passengers as well as the costs of environmental impact. The above-mentioned characteristics have enabled to determine savings both in terms of traffic costs and environmental impacts resulting from the dam construction. The paper indicates that the implementation of the investment project improves traffic conditions on the road network and reduces the transport environmental impact in Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province. Moreover, it has been found that the revealed effects concern in particular the first years after the launch of the project. The development of the road network diminishes the role of the analysed investment project significantly.

scholarly journals On the road to cost-effective fossil fuel desulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (44) ◽  
pp. 25405-25413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pacheco ◽  
Susana M. Paixão ◽  
Tiago P. Silva ◽  
Luís Alves
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
The Road ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Gordonia Alkanivorans ◽  
On The Road

The utilization of desulfurizing microorganisms that can grow in low nutrient culture media without vitamins and other growth promoters (e.g. yeast extract, peptone) is an advantage for BDS upgrade since it may reduce the biocatalyst production costs significantly

Study on the Energy Conversion from the Dynamic Load of Vehicles on the Road Using Piezoelectric Materials

2010 ◽  
Vol 658 ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Yun Lee ◽  
Moon Kyu Lee ◽  
Jae Geun Oh ◽  
Kwang Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Dynamic Load ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Piezoelectric Element ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Load ◽  
Energy Conversion System ◽  
On The Road

Many researchers have studied the harvesting from discarded energy such as solar energy, wind and vibration because of the exhaustion of fossil fuel and the environmental pollution. Particularly, vibration-based energy harvesting has increasingly received an attention in last decade. Therefore, the aim of study is to analyze the characteristics of piezoelectric materials to be used in the energy conversion system on vehicle road. At first, the dynamic loads of vehicle on the road are measured with respect to the weight and speed prior to analyzing the characteristics of piezoelectric materials. Then, the energy conversion amount of piezoelectric element is quantified for its size and type under the load profiles. The vehicle dynamic load is the average of 200kgf. The result indicates that the dynamic vehicle load is less affected by the speed. The generated voltage is 1.8kV, and extracted energy is 0.11mJ from one under the load of 8kgf applied on piezoelectric element. The power extracted from one passenger vehicle is able to operate a sensor and transmit acquisition data.

scholarly journals Cloud Technology FOR Real Time Vehicular Pollution Monitoring and Management in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1495-1498
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Technological Solution ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Vehicular Pollution ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Time Basis

Global warming has reached alarming proportion. Climate change is rapidly on the rise. India is one of the worst affected countries by this malaise. All this has been due to the rapid rise in greenhouse gases. These gases have been contributed by both the industries and the multitude of vehicles running on fossil fuel. Both are an evil necessity but the exponential growth of old polluting vehicles have contributed to a big chunk of the vehicular pollution. This paper attempts to provide a technological solution to monitoring these vehicles on a real time basis and preventing these vehicles to be on the road till the pollution is addressed to. It also helps alert the authorities on the minute details of the polluting vehicle, including pinpointing its present location.

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