RECYCLING BEHAVIOR OF THERMOREVERSIBLY DIELS–ALDER CROSSLINKED EPM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander T. Zdvizhkov ◽  
Martin Van Duin ◽  
Francesco Picchioni
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Recycling Behavior

ABSTRACT The recyclability of thermoreversibly Diels–Alder (DA) crosslinked EPM has been studied. The retro DA reaction dominates over the dehydration–aromatization process of the DA adduct. Moreover, a negative influence of air occurred as a result of a crosslinking in air flow. Nevertheless, rubber compounds prepared from EPM-g-furan and carbon black can be recycled several times without losing mechanical strength, a feature attributed to a strong antioxidant effect of the carbon black.

THERMOREVERSIBLE CROSS-LINKING OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS: FROM PROOF-OF-CONCEPT TOWARD AN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Polgar ◽  
J. Keizer ◽  
R. Blom ◽  
B. Niemeijer ◽  
T. de With ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Internal Mixer ◽  
Batch Mixer

ABSTRACT It is demonstrated that the concept of thermoreversible cross-linking of functionalized maleic anhydride grafted ethylene–propylene (EPM-g-MA) rubber using Diels–Alder chemistry is limited neither to laboratory scale using a solvent route nor to gum rubber. The use of an internal mixer is the first step toward an industrial process, since it greatly reduces the processing time and allows for a solventless process for the furan-functionalization and subsequent bismaleimide cross-linking of EPM rubber. Practical rubber compounds were prepared by mixing thermoreversibly cross-linked EPM with carbon black and mineral oil in the same batch mixer. This resulted in reinforcement of the rubber without affecting the thermoreversible character of the cross-linking. The pendant furan groups of the (non)cross-linked EPM-g-furan interact with the carbon black filler. Finally, crystalline EPM rubber compounds were prepared, which show excellent material properties and property retention over multiple reprocessing cycles.

Partial replacement of carbon black by nanoclay in butyl rubber compounds for tubeless tires

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1054-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Kumar Harikrishna Kumar ◽  
Subramaniam Shankar ◽  
Rathanasamy Rajasekar ◽  
Pal Samir Kumar ◽  
Palaniappan Sathish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Rubber Compounds

scholarly journals Insights into the Payne Effect of Carbon Black Filled Styrene-butadiene Rubber Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
An Zhao ◽  
Xuan-Yu Shi ◽  
Shi-Hao Sun ◽  
Hai-Mo Zhang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Ultrasonic Measurements with Rubber Compounds during Extrusion

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Caspary ◽  
P. Kretschmer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Sound Velocity ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Reciprocal Value

Abstract The dependence of the Index of Elasticity, E, the reciprocal value of sound velocity, on temperature and pressure is related to specific volume and compressibility of rubbers. The sensitivity of E towards changes of temperature and pressure was calculated, indicating a new versatile possibility for the control of rubber extruders. To confirm this, extruder experiments were carried out with an SHR compound, of which a working diagram was established showing the complete behavior of E=f(p,T). The effect of compound composition, especially of plasticizer and carbon black content, was examined. Viscosity in the extruder primarily determines changes in E. The method was shown to be applicable up to a die diameter of at least 200 mm. The method may also be applied to follow degradation of rubber compounds during mastication.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

Effect of carbon black loading on the swelling and compression set behavior of SBR and NBR rubber compounds

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mostafa ◽  
A. Abouel-Kasem ◽  
M.R. Bayoumi ◽  
M.G. El-Sebaie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Effect of Various Types of Carbon Black on Certain Physical Properties of Rubber Compounds

1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-464
Author(s):  
D. J. Beaver ◽  
T. P. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Acetylene Black ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Oil Adsorption ◽  
Iodine Adsorption ◽  
Standard Channel

Abstract The data presented herein show that in general the presence of oxygen on carbon black retards the rate of vulcanization in direct proportion to the amount of oxygen present and also decreases the maximum physical properties obtainable with a given amount of accelerator. The aging data show that the presence of this oxygen on the black increases the rate of aging as the amount of oxygen increases, but not in direct proportion to the per cent of this oxygen present. It can be concluded, therefore, that compounds which contain a small amount of oxygen, such as thermatomic, G black, or acetylene black, will give better aging stocks than compounds containing higher amounts of oxygen such as lampblack and standard channel blacks. No correlation could be found between the acetone extract, iodine adsorption, or oil adsorption, and the effect of these blacks on the rate of cure or aging.

PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF RUBBER VULCANIZATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 704-728
Author(s):  
Anil K. Bhowmick ◽  
Subhabrata Saha ◽  
Anshul Baral ◽  
Kumar Vineet ◽  
Arup S. Deuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Initiation Point ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Aspects of penetration resistance of rubber compounds have been studied by developing a quasi-static test. The effects of indenter material and design, nature and dosage of fillers, and crosslinking density were investigated. Indenter material was found to have a negligible contribution to the penetration characteristics of the rubber compounds, whereas the conical indenter's shape and size of the tip were important. A change in the slope of the generalized penetration characteristic curve of the developed quasi-static test was considered to be the fracture initiation point. Although fracture initiation was early at higher carbon black loading, the overall penetration resistance was improved due to hysteresis, which was in accord with the impact energy method. This was a unique observation. The carbon black–filled sample was compared with the silica-filled vulcanizate. Surface morphology of the specimens penetrated at different energy levels was examined using scanning electron microscopy. A theoretical interpretation of the forces acting at the tip of the indenter and the energy requirement while penetrating a rubber compound against a conical indenter has been proposed. The initiation energy for penetration has inverse square root dependence on the Young's modulus of the compounds. The energy required for crack propagation in contrast, was directly proportional to the Young's modulus and also correlated with the hysteresis loss and frictional coefficient for the carbon black–filled vulcanizates.

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