Investigating the potential of Quercetin enthused nano lipoidal system for the management of dermatitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 6516-6526
Author(s):  
Deepti Dwivedi ◽  
Shubham Pandey ◽  
Shafaque Asif ◽  
Vineet Awasthi ◽  
Gurjeet Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Polydispersity Index ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Skin Retention

Objective: The present research work was undertaken to develop quercetin enthused nanolipoidal systems and its characterization. The objective was to investigate potential of prepared system in the management of DNCB induced dermatitis. Method: Nanolipoidal system was prepared in different combinations with quercetin, L-α phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and ethanol and characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug release, skin retention and skin permeation. Selected batches were further incorporated into Carbopol 934 base gel. The vesicles were in size range 324.19-359 nm while polydispersity index (PDI) ranges from 0.241-0.554 and for zeta potential, it was from -26.33 to -39.3 nm. Entrapment efficiency was from 23.77-94.68 %. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed penetration depth of rhodamine enthused ethosome across rat skin up to 45.23 µm which was significantly higher than the rhodamine solution (10 µm). In dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced mice dermatitis model histopathology study showed a marked decrease in amount of inflammatory cell nucleus in mice treated with quercetin loaded ethosomal gel followed by 76.13% decrease in-ear swelling and ear mass respectively in morphology study. The conventional marketed formulation showed a nominal decrease in epidermal thickness. Further Primary irritation index was less than 0.4 indicating negligible irritation in all the groups. Results: The optimized formulation F6 with SPC and ethanol in the ratio of 20:80 displayed the highest drug content and entrapment efficiency of 94.68±1.14%. PDI was 0.241±0.11 and skin retention 7.7%. Batch F6 with vesicle size and zeta potential of 324.9±19 nm and -26.33 mV, respectively, was incorporated in Carbopol 934 base gel and the prepared gel was evaluated for morphology, spreadability, in vitro, ex vivo release study, and kinetics study and in vivo studies. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the developed ethosomal gel can be used for enhanced delivery of Quercetin via skin. The in vitro studies indicated that the gel serves as an efficient carrier for Quercetin. It showed its effectiveness in the management of dermatitis. Further, Quercetin loaded nanoethosomal gel formulation can be viewed as a promising drug delivery system for the management of dermatitis.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF MANNOSYLATED NARINGENIN LOADED TRANSFERSOMES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR SKIN CARCINOMA

2021 ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
NIKITA VERMA ◽  
SWARNLATA SARAF
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Skin Carcinoma

Objective: The flavonoidal drug Naringenin offers a natural defense against free radical generation due to their antioxidant i.e. free radical scavenging property. The continuation of research work towards the invention of targeting the flavonoidal drug for skin carcinoma. Naringenin is a potent antioxidant, having remarkable reactive oxygen species scavenging potential and abundantly found in citrus fruits. Methods: The optimization of the formulated mannosylated naringenin-loaded transfersomes (MA-NgTfs) was performed using Box–Behnken statistical design to obtain crucial variable parameters that influence vesicular size, size distribution and surface charge. Therefore keeping both the concepts in mind our objective is to design and optimize the mannosylated naringenin loaded transfersomes (MA-NgTfs) for macropahge targeting. The Box Behnken with 3D surface response design graph was employed to optimize the formulation. Results: Phospholipids and surfactant ratio played a remarkable role to determine the mean vesicular size and the Zeta potential of the vesicles. The Zeta potential is found in the formulation having a range of-18.01±1.05 to-28.7±1.008 mV represents the good stability of the formulation. The vesicles size range was found in the range of 102.4±1.01 to 263.74±0.63 and range of Entrapment efficiency of nanovesicles was as 72.04±1.53 to 82.04±0.81. In vitro drug release study shows that mannosylated naringenin loaded transfersomes (MA-NgTfs), and marketed formulation dispersion was found 69.31 %, 62.03 %, 58.71 %, and 65.02 % respectively. Ex vivo skin permeation and deposition study shows that the marketed product and pure drug suspension optimized transfersomes through the skin of mice was of flux 6.5±3.07 and the percentage of drug retention was 0.76±1.26. The results gave us strong evidence of cellular uptake bymannose–directed transfersomes via mannose receptor-based endocytosis. Conclusion: On the basis of findings, the study revealed that the prepared formulation has characteristic potential for targeting and the concept of ligand directed nanocarrier formulation was imparts synergistic effect against UV-induced skin carcinoma. 

Berberine Chloride Dihydrate Enthused Nanovesicles for the Management of Dermatitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimisha Srivastava ◽  
Zeeshan Fatima ◽  
Chanchal Deep Kaur ◽  
Dilshad Ali Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Chloride Dihydrate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Berberine Chloride

Background: Dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease that is affecting up to 25% of children and 1%-3% of adults worldwide. Paucity of exact cure for dermatitis and untoward side effects of topical immunosuppressive steroids has resulted into a great need for making use of complementary medicine to treat dermatitis. Objective: The present research work involved the development of Berberine chloride dihydrate (BCD) enthused nanovesicles i.e. ethosomes for the management of dermatitis. Method: Ethosomes were prepared by slight modification of cold method using varying concentrations of SPC (1-3%) and ethanol (10-40%) Optimized batch BCD 12 was further added to Carbopol 934P for gel formation. GEL BCD 12 was subjected to “anti-bacterial, dermatitis and skin irritation study. Result: The vesicles were in size range 142.42-398.31 nm while polydispersity index (PDI) ranges from 0.114-1.56 and for zeta potential it was from-18.8 to -39.4. Entrapment efficiency was from 46.05-88.79 %. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed penetration depth of rhodamine enthused ethosome across rat skin upto 110 µm which was significantly higher than rhodamine solution (10 µm). In the anti-bacterial study, BCD loaded ethosomal gel (EG) showed maximum zone of inhibition of 18.5 mm against E. coli, 14.5 mm against P. aeruginosa and 23.0 mm against S. aureus. In dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced mice dermatitis model histopathology study showed marked decrease in amount of inflammatory cell nucleus in mice treated with BCD loaded ethosomal gel followed by 56% and 50 % increase in ear swelling and ear mass respectively in morphology study. Conventional marketed formulation showed nominal decrease in epidermal thickness, 66.67 % increase in ear thickness and 63.64 % increase in ear mass. Further Primary irritation index was less than 0.4 indicating negligible irritation in all the groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that ethosomal gel is not only an efficient carrier for BCD but also proves its potential for the management of dermatitis.

scholarly journals Plumbagin-Loaded Glycerosome Gel as Topical Delivery System for Skin Cancer Therapy

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 923
Author(s):  
Shadab Md ◽  
Nabil A. Alhakamy ◽  
Hibah M. Aldawsari ◽  
Mohammad Husain ◽  
Nazia Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
Vesicle Size ◽  
Cytotoxicity Activities

Plumbagin (PLM) is a phytochemical which has shown cytotoxicity against of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the clinical application of PLM has been hindered due to poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to develop, optimize and evaluate PLM-loaded glycerosome (GM) gel and compare with conventional liposome (CL) for therapeutic efficacy against skin cancer. The GM formulations were optimized by employing design expert software by 3-level 3-factor design. The prepared GMs were characterized in vitro for vesicle size, size distribution, zeta potential, vesicle deformability, drug release, skin permeation, retention, texture, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. The optimized formulation showed a vesicle size of 119.20 ± 15.67 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.145 ± 0.02, the zeta potential of −27 ± 5.12 mV and entrapment efficiency of 76.42 ± 9.98%. The optimized PLM-loaded GM formulation was transformed into a pre-formed gel which was prepared using Carbopol 934 polymer. The drug diffusion fluxes of CL gel and GM-loaded gel were 23.31 ±6.0 and 79.43 ± 12.43 µg/ cm2/h, respectively. The result of texture analysis revealed the adequate hardness, cohesiveness, consistency, and viscosity of the developed GM-loaded gel compared to CL gel. The confocal images showed that glycerosomal gel has deeper skin layer penetration as compared to the control solution. GM-loaded gel treated rat skin showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher drug accumulation in the dermis, higher cytotoxicity and higher antioxidant activity as compared to CL gel and PLM suspension. Thus, findings revealed that novel GM-loaded gel could be potential carriers for therapeutic intervention in skin cancer.

scholarly journals FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GEL CONTAINING ETHOSOMES ENTRAPPED WITH TRETINOIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-s) ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
Rakhi Mishra ◽  
Shradha Shende ◽  
Prabhat Kumar Jain ◽  
Vivek Jain
Keyword(s):  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Brick Wall ◽  
Topical Formulation ◽  
Ir Studies ◽  
Skin Retention ◽  
Drug Solution

A skin disease, like acne, is very common and normally happens to everyone at least once in their lifetime. The structure of the stratum corneum is often compared with a brick wall, with corneocytes surrounded by the mortar of the intercellular lipid lamellae. One of the best options for successful drug delivery to the affected area of skin is the use of ethosomes which can be transported through the skin through channel-like structures. Tretinoin is a widely used retinoid for the topical treatment of acne, photo-aged skin, psoriasis and skin cancer which makes it a good candidate for topical formulation. Yet side effects, like redness, swelling, peeling, blistering and, erythema, in addition to its high lipophilicity make this challenging. Drug loaded ethosomes had been prepared using phospholipid and ethanol, were optimized and characterized for entrapment efficiency, vesicular size, shape, In-vitro skin permeation, skin retention, drug‐membrane component interaction and stability. The ethosomal formulation having 0.5 %w/v of phospholipid and 20 %v/v of ethanol (F2) showing the greatest entrapment efficiency (80.25±0.23) with small particle size (205.40±2.31nm) was selected for further skin permeation studies. The skin permeation and skin retention studies were performed on ethosomal formulation, liposomal formulation (0.5 %w/v of phospholipid without alcohol), hydroethanolic drug solution and phosphate buffer saline (pH7.4) drug solution. Among them, ethosomal formulation showed higher cumulative percentage of drug permeation (93.36±0.45%) and 8 hours than the other formulations. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the three dimensional nature of ethosomes. Dynamic light scattering technique proved that the ethosomes has smaller vesicular size than the liposomes prepared without alcohol. FT‐IR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and membrane components. The ethosomal vesicles were incorporated in carbopol gel base and its anti‐acne was compared with the marketed gel. Our results suggest that the ethosomes are an efficient carrier for dermal and transdermal delivery of tretinoin. Keywords: Tretinoin, Ethosomes, Diffusion, Carbopol gels, Transdermal delivery.

Development and Characterization of a Clobetasol Propionate Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-based Gel for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Dadwal ◽  
Neeraj Mishra ◽  
Raj Kumar Narang
Keyword(s):  
Skin Permeation ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Homogenization Method ◽  
Clobetasol Propionate ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carrier ◽  
Safe Delivery

Background: Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease of the skin with lapsing episodes of hyperkeratosis, irritation, and inflammation. Numerous traditional and novel drug delivery systems have been used for better penetration through psoriatic barrier cells and also for retention in the skin. As there is no effective remedy for better penetration and retention is there because of the absence of an ideal carrier for effective and safe delivery of antipsoriatic drugs. Objectives: The main objective of this project is to develop Squalene integrated NLC based carbopol 940 gel to create a local drug depot in skin for improved efficacy against psoriasis. Methods: Homogenization method is used for the formulation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier and were characterized on the basis of size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, spreadability, DSC, zeta potential, % in vitro release, in vitro skin permeation and retention studies, physical storage stability studies and in vivo studies can use other alternative models for induction of psoriasis by severe redness, swelling macroscopically and microvascular dilation edema lasting for 10 days. Further histopathology study was done to basses of changes in the skin. Conclusion: The optimized formulation of nanostructured lipid carrier-based gel has shown significant sustained release of clobetasol propionate. Further, this formulation has also shown retention in skin because of squalene as it is sebum derived lipid show affinity towards the sebaceous gland.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Skin Delivery of Drugs Using Proposome Depends on Drug Lipophilicity

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Himanshu Kathuria ◽  
Harish K. Handral ◽  
Saera Cha ◽  
Diep T. P. Nguyen ◽  
Junyu Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Skin Delivery

The study aims to investigate the propylene glycol-based liposomes named ‘proposomes’ in enhancing skin permeation of drugs with different physicochemical properties. Ibuprofen, tofacitinib citrate, rhodamine B, and lidocaine were loaded into proposomes. These drug formulations were analyzed for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro skin permeation. The confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed on skin treated with calcein and rhodamine B laden proposomes. The transdermal delivery relative to physicochemical properties of drugs such as logP, melting point, molecular weight, solubility, etc., were analyzed. We tested the safety of the proposomes using reconstructed human skin tissue equivalents, which were fabricated in-house. We also used human cadaver skin samples as a control. The proposomes had an average diameter of 128 to 148 nm. The drug’s entrapment efficiencies were in the range of 42.9–52.7%, translating into the significant enhancement of drug permeation through the skin. The enhancement ratio was 1.4 to 4.0, and linearly correlated to logP, molecular weight, and melting point. Confocal imaging also showed higher skin permeation of calcein and rhodamine B in proposome than in solution. The proposome was found safe for skin application. The enhancement of skin delivery of drugs through proposomes was dependent on the lipophilicity of the drug. The entrapment efficiency was positively correlated with logP of the drug, which led to high drug absorption.

scholarly journals Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Casein Nanoparticles as Carrier for Celecoxib

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-417
Author(s):  
Jyotsana R. Madan ◽  
Izharahemad N. Ansari ◽  
Kamal Dua ◽  
Rajendra Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Polydispersity Index ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Permeation Studies ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

Purpose : The objective of this work was to formulate casein (CAS) nanocarriers for the dissolution enhancement of poorly water soluble drug celecoxib (CLXB). Methods: The CLXB loaded CAS nanocarriers viz., nanoparticles, reassembled CAS micelles and nanocapsules were prepared using sodium caseinate (SOD-CAS) as a carrier to enhance the solubility of CLXB. The prepared formulations were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, percentage entrapment efficiency, and surface morphology for the selection of best formulation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction study was used to for the confirmation of encapsulation of CLXB. Further, in vitro drug dissolution, ex-vivo permeation studies on chicken ileum and stability studies were carried out. Results: The CLXB loaded casein nanoparticles (CNP) (batch A2) showed a particle size diameter 216.1 nm, polydispersity index 0.422 with percentage entrapment efficiency of 90.71% and zeta potential of -24.6 mV. Scanning electron microscopy of suspension confirmed globular shape of CNP. The in vitro release data of optimized batch followed non Fickian diffusion mechanism. The ex vivo permeation studies on chicken ileum of CLXB loaded CNP showed permeation through mucous membrane as compared to pure CLXB. The apparent permeability of best selected freeze dried CLXB loaded CNP (batch A2) was higher and gradually increased from 0.90 mg/cm2 after 10 min to a maximum of 1.95 mg/cm2 over the subsequent 90 min. A higher permeation was recorded at each time point than that of the pure CLXB. Conclusion: The study explored the potential of CAS as a carrier for solubility enhancement of poorly water soluble drugs.

scholarly journals Ezetimibe-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Based Formulation Ameliorates Hyperlipidaemia in an Experimental Model of High Fat Diet

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1485
Author(s):  
Yogeeta O. Agrawal ◽  
Umesh B. Mahajan ◽  
Vinit V. Agnihotri ◽  
Mayur S. Nilange ◽  
Hitendra S. Mahajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Polydispersity Index ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carrier ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Bioavailability Enhancement

Ezetimibe (EZE) possesses low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability and in addition, its extensive hepatic metabolism supports the notion of developing a novel carrier system for EZE. Ezetimibe was encapsulated into nanostructured lipid carriers (EZE-NLCs) via a high pressure homogenization technique (HPH). A three factor, two level (23) full factorial design was employed to study the effect of amount of poloxamer 188 (X1), pressure of HPH (X2) and number of HPH cycle (X3) on dependent variables. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), % entrapment efficiency (%EE), zeta potential, drug content and in-vitro drug release were evaluated. The optimized formulation displays pragmatic inferences associated with particle size of 134.5 nm; polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.244 ± 0.03; zeta potential of −28.1 ± 0.3 mV; % EE of 91.32 ± 1.8% and % CDR at 24-h of 97.11%. No interaction was observed after X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. EZE-NLCs (6 mg/kg/day p.o.) were evaluated in the high fat diet fed rats induced hyperlipidemia in comparison with EZE (10 mg/kg/day p.o.). Triglyceride, HDL-c, LDL-c and cholesterol were significantly normalized and histopathological evaluation showed normal structure and architecture of the hepatocytes. The results demonstrated the superiority of EZE-NLCs in regard to bioavailability enhancement, dose reduction and dose-dependent side effects.

scholarly journals Formulation, optimization and in vitro evaluation of nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery of apremilast

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotsana R Madan ◽  
Shweta Khobaragade ◽  
Kamal Dua ◽  
Rajendra Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Polydispersity Index ◽  
Drug Diffusion ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Skin Deposition

This work was aimed to formulate topical Apremilast loaded nanostructured lipid-carriers (NLCs) for the management of psoriasis. Psoriasis is a widespread skin condition considered to be a Th1 autoimmune skin disease and characterized by excessive growth and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. Objective of the study was to investigate the applicability of lipid matrix of NLC composed of solid lipid and liquid lipid (oil), creating imperfections in the crystal lattice, in improving drug loading as well as physical stability. NLCs were prepared by a cold homogenization technique using Compritol® 888ATO, oleic acid, Tween 80 and Span 20, and Transcutol P as a solid lipid, liquid lipid, surfactant mixture and penetration enhancer, respectively. Carbopol 940 was used to convert NLC dispersion into NLC based hydrogel to improve its viscosity for topical administration. The optimized formulation was characterized for size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE), and surface morphology. Further, viscosity, spreadability, stability, in- vitro drug diffusion, ex-vivo skin permeation and skin deposition studies were carried out. Apremilast loaded NLCs showed narrow polydispersity index (PDI- 0.339) with particle size of 758 nm, %EE of 85.5% and zeta potential of -33.3 mV. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed spherical shape of NLCs. In vitro drug diffusion and ex vivo skin permeation results showed low drug diffusion and sustained drug release and 60.1% skin deposition. The present study confirms the potential of the nanostructured lipid form of poorly water-soluble drugs for topical application and increased drug deposition in the skin.

Oleic Acid Vesicles for Transdermal Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride: Development and Characterization

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-248
Author(s):  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Puneet Utreja
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Propranolol Hydrochloride ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Dosing Frequency

Background: Pharmaceutical scientists are exploring transdermal route for treatment of various systemic diseases nowadays. Transdermal nanocarrier systems show various advantages like bioavailability enhancement of drugs, avoidance of first pass hepatic metabolism, and reduction of dosing frequency of bioactive therapeutic molecules. Objective: The objective of the present research work was to encapsulate Propranolol hydrochloride into oleic acid vesicles and carry out in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of oleic acid vesicular gel containing Propranolol hydrochloride. Method: Propranol hydrochloride loaded oleic acid vesicles were prepared by exploring thin film hydration method. Developed vesicles were evaluated for morphology, size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI). Thermal behavior of drug loaded vesicles was checked using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and depth of skin penetration was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oleic acid vesicles dispersed in Carbopol 934R gel were subjected to in-vivo evaluation in male Sprague Dawley rats through measurement of plasma concentration and tissue distribution of Propranolol hydrochloride. Results: Optimized formulation having oleic acid : Propranol hydrochloride in the ratio 7 : 3 showed highest entrapment (56.1 ± 0.7%), acceptable size (291.3 ± 2.2 nm), the optimum value of PDI (0.219 ± 0.043) and zeta potential (-27.13 ± 0.25 mV). The results of DSC analysis showed effective encapsulation of drug inside the vesicles and CLSM analysis revealed penetration of vesicles upto stratum spinosum layer of skin. The results of in-vivo study revealed capability of vesicular gel to prolong the release of Propranolol hydrochloride upto 24 h with a Cmax value of 83.6 ± 3.0 ng/mL which was higher compared to the marketed tablet of Propranolol hydrochloride [InderalR (40 mg), Abbott India Ltd.] (45.6 ± 3.1 ng/mL). Tissue distribution studies revealed higher percentage of Propranolol hydrochloride in various organs after 24 h of administration of vesicular gel compared to marketed tablet. Conclusion: Developed oleic acid vesicular gel could be effective to reduce dosing frequency and avoid side effects of oral Propranol hydrochloride.

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