scholarly journals Mirror therapy to alleviate Phantom pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar Gupta ◽  
◽  
Rekha Gupta ◽  
Shubhra Gill ◽  
Tanya Grove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Phantom Pain ◽  
Mirror Therapy ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Tissue Reorganization ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Phantom pain is abnormal commotion of crushing, toes twisting, burning, tingling, cramping and shooting pain that is perceived in a body part that has been amputated or no longer exists. The amount of research in few decades has added enormous knowledge in better understanding of phantom pain. The theories of pain pathways have modified over time from mental theory to peripheral and core neural theories together motor-sensory cortical disassociation and tissue reorganization. In the generation of phantom pain, the role of mirror neurons has recently been steered. To alleviate the phantom pain, pharmacological therapy, physical therapy, TENS therapy, neuromodulation, surgical treatment, bio-integrative behavioural methods and Mirror Therapy has been suggested as treatment modalities. However, there hasn’t been a single treatment option until now. In several randomised controlled trials, mirror therapy is used to manage phantom arm pain and had better outcomes. Multidisciplinary approaches are used in the majority of effective clinical results. In this case report mirror therapy has been used to successfully reduce phantom pain. Keywords: mirror therapy; amputation; mirror neurons; phantom arm pain.

Phantom Pain

2018 ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
Jagan Devarajan ◽  
Beth H. Minzter
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Phantom Pain ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Mirror Therapy ◽  
Preoperative Pain ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Damage ◽  
Stump Pain ◽  
Neural Sensitization

This chapter discusses phantom pain, defined as an unpleasant or painful sensation in the distribution of the lost or deafferentiated body part. It is more commonly reported in the limbs but also has been reported in other body parts such as the tongue, teeth, nose, breast, part of the gastrointestinal tract, and the penis. The incidence varies from 42.2% to 78.8%. Perception of non-painful sensations from the amputated body part is known as phantom sensation. The severity and frequency of attacks slowly decrease with time during the first 6 months, after which they remain constant. Patients with significant preoperative pain, stump pain, and infection are at increased risk of developing phantom pain. The mechanism of origin is not known; it is thought to be due to peripheral nerve damage, which contributes to neural sensitization at peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal levels. Both chemical mediators and psychological factors are involved. Phantom pain improves with time and responds to conservative medical management, mirror therapy, and psychological counseling. A small percentage of cases are resistant to treatment and may require invasive neuromodulatory treatment options such as spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation.

Phantom Limb Pain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Candido ◽  
Teresa M. Kusper ◽  
Alexei Lissounov ◽  
Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Phantom Limb Pain ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Phantom Pain ◽  
Limb Pain ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
The 19Th Century

Post-amputation pain (PAP) has challenged clinicians for centuries. The first written record of this perplexing condition came from the 16th-century French military surgeon Ambrose Paré. The term phantom limb pain (PLP) was coined by Silas Weir Mitchell, who provided a comprehensive description of the condition during the 19th century. Since that time, the understanding of PLP has greatly expanded; however, our knowledge of the exact mechanisms underlying it is still very deficient. Amputation of a body part can result in one sequela or more than one neurologic sequelae occurring concurrently: phantom sensation, phantom pain, and stump pain. The incidence and prevalence vary across the spectrum of these syndromes. A myriad of treatment modalities are employed in an attempt to terminate PLP, including pharmacotherapy, injections, alternative therapy, surgical interventions, and neuromodulation. Despite an extensive search for effective therapeutic options, PLP remains a highly challenging and debilitating condition.

Management of thoracic aortic lesions - the future is endovascular

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidenhagen ◽  
Bombien ◽  
Meimarakis ◽  
Geisler ◽  
A. Koeppel
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Traumatic Rupture ◽  
Descending Thoracic Aorta ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Aneurysm Dissection

Open surgical repair of lesions of the descending thoracic aorta, such as aneurysm, dissection and traumatic rupture, has been the “state-of-the-art” treatment for many decades. However, in specialized cardiovascular centers, thoracic endovascular aortic repair and hybrid aortic procedures have been implemented as novel treatment options. The current clinical results show that these procedures can be performed with low morbidity and mortality rates. However, due to a lack of randomized trials, the level of reliability of these new treatment modalities remains a matter of discussion. Clinical decision-making is generally based on the experience of the vascular center as well as on individual factors, such as life expectancy, comorbidity, aneurysm aetiology, aortic diameter and morphology. This article will review and discuss recent publications of open surgical, hybrid thoracic aortic (in case of aortic arch involvement) and endovascular repair in complex pathologies of the descending thoracic aorta.

scholarly journals Urinary incontinence: Clinical observation on 30 patients undergoing treatment with F.R.E.M.S (Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulation System)

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Massimo Massari ◽  
Patrizia Desideri ◽  
Paolo Menchinelli ◽  
Lucia Cerrito ◽  
Luciano De Giovanni
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Impulse Duration ◽  
Electrical Modulation ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

Aim of the study: Urge incontinence is considered to be a dysfunctional pathology of social interest due to the psychological and relational implications of such disability, the elevated number of affected patients and the consequent treatment costs. We propose an innovative non-pharmacological and non-invasive care methodology: Frequency rhythmic electrical modulation system (F.R.E.M.S.) therapy (FT), based on the administration of electric fields of monophasic pulsed, negative, asymmetric current, generated by a neurostimulator with the characteristics of low variable frequency, high voltage and very low impulse duration. Material and Methods: 30 patients were studied with urodynamic evaluation and radiological diagnostic techniques, and underwent 2 cycles of 15 days therapy, with a 12 months follow-up. Results: In 93% of cases, we obtained a positive result, with either disappearance or improvement of symptoms. Conclusion: Although the Authors believe that clinical results deserve further neurohistological and immunohistochemical studies, in order to define the anathomophysiological and biochemical changes induced by FT, they propose it as a possible alternative to traditional pharmacological therapy and electrical stimulation.

scholarly journals Current knowledge on selected rehabilitative methods used in post-stroke recovery

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Pawel Kiper ◽  
Aneta Pirowska ◽  
Joanna Stożek ◽  
Alfonc Baba ◽  
Michela Agostini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Imagery ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Phantom Pain ◽  
Mirror Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Constraint Induced Movement Therapy ◽  
Motor Network

Understanding brain plasticity after stroke is important in developing rehabilitation strategies. Active movement therapies show considerable promise but their individual application is still not fully implemented. Among the analysed, available therapeutic modalities, some became widely used in therapeutic practice. Thus, we selected three relatively new methods, i.e. mirror therapy, motor imagery and constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). Mirror therapy was initially used in the treatment of phantom pain in patients with amputated limbs and later, in stroke patients. Motor imagery is widely used in sport to improve performance, which raises the possibility of applying it both as a rehabilitative method and in accessing the motor network independently of recovery. Whereas CIMT is based on the paradigm that impairment of arm function is exacerbated by learned non-use and that this, in turn, leads to loss of cortical representation in the upper limb.

scholarly journals Update on the Treatment of Idiopathic Hypersomnia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
M. S. Schinkelshoek ◽  
R. Fronczek ◽  
G. J. Lammers
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Lifestyle Advice ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Idiopathic Hypersomnia ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Abstract Purpose of Review Idiopathic hypersomnia is an incapacitating disorder with a profound impact on daytime performance and quality of life. The most commonly used treatment modalities are lifestyle advice and pharmacological therapy. We present an update on the evidence concerning treatment options for idiopathic hypersomnia. Recent Findings Evidence for non-pharmacological interventions is lacking; improvement in symptoms on introducing these interventions is often less pronounced than in narcolepsy. Additional pharmacological treatment is therefore usually initiated. The few treatment studies that have been performed are hampered by small sample sizes and the use of variable and often insufficiently validated outcome parameters for the whole spectrum of idiopathic hypersomnia symptoms. Conclusion Evidence on treatment is scarce. Since the efficacy of modafinil is consistently described and there is much experience with this substance, it is reasonable to start with modafinil as a first choice treatment. Methylphenidate and dexamphetamine are good alternatives. In the future, newer drugs such as sodium oxybate, pitolisant, and solriamfetol might be authorized for use in idiopathic hypersomnia.

scholarly journals ‘It’s All Done With Mirrors’: V.S. Ramachandran and the Material Culture of Phantom Limb Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Mirror Therapy ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
Mirror Box ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
Dualistic Ontology ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Phantom Limbs

This article examines the material culture of neuroscientist Vilayanur S. Ramachandran’s research into phantom limbs. In the 1990s Ramachandran used a ‘mirror box’ to ‘resurrect’ phantom limbs and thus to treat the pain that often accompanied them. The experimental success of his mirror therapy led Ramachandran to see mirrors as a useful model of brain function, a tendency that explains his attraction to work on ‘mirror neurons’. I argue that Ramachandran’s fascination with and repeated appeal to the mirror can be explained by the way it allowed him to confront a perennial problem in the mind and brain sciences, that of the relationship between a supposedly immaterial mind and a material brain. By producing what Ramachandran called a ‘virtual reality’, relating in varied and complex ways to the material world, the mirror reproduced a form of psycho-physical parallelism and dualistic ontology, while conforming to the materialist norms of neuroscience today.

scholarly journals Session 4: CVD, diabetes and cancer Evidence for the use of the Mediterranean diet in patients with CHD

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal P. McKeown ◽  
Karen Logan ◽  
Michelle C. McKinley ◽  
Ian S. Young ◽  
Jayne V. Woodside
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Mediterranean Populations ◽  
Lyon Diet Heart Study ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Diet is associated with the development of CHD. The incidence of CHD is lower in southern European countries than in northern European countries and it has been proposed that this difference may be a result of diet. The traditional Mediterranean diet emphasises a high intake of fruits, vegetables, bread, other forms of cereals, potatoes, beans, nuts and seeds. It includes olive oil as a major fat source and dairy products, fish and poultry are consumed in low to moderate amounts. Many observational studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced risk of CHD, and this result has been confirmed by meta-analysis, while a single randomised controlled trial, the Lyon Diet Heart study, has shown a reduction in CHD risk in subjects following the Mediterranean diet in the secondary prevention setting. However, it is uncertain whether the benefits of the Mediterranean diet are transferable to other non-Mediterranean populations and whether the effects of the Mediterranean diet will still be feasible in light of the changes in pharmacological therapy seen in patients with CHD since the Lyon Diet Heart study was conducted. Further randomised controlled trials are required and if the risk-reducing effect is confirmed then the best methods to effectively deliver this public health message worldwide need to be considered.

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