scholarly journals Disrupting Fintech: Key Factors for Adopting Bitcoin

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Zouhair ◽  
Noah Kasraie
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
User Anonymity ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Main Motivation ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Financial Transactions

Bitcoin is one of the original cryptocurrencies. It was introduced by an anonymous author who goes by the pseudonym of Satoshi Nakamoto (Nakamoto, n.d.). His genius proposal was based on the premise of user anonymity and decentralization (Barber, Boyen, Shi, Uzun, 2012). Bitcoin started out as a payment system among a small group of enthused users and was then mass-adopted. Most users employ it for legal activities such as investments and purchases, while some use it for illegal activities, products, and services like gambling, money laundering, tax evasion, kidnap ransoms, drugs, and prostitution (Kristoufek, 2015). In regard to reasons for using Bitcoin, studies have shown that the majority of Bitcoin owners view it as an investment rather than a currency for purchases or other financial transactions (Henry, Huynh, & Nicholls, 2018; Glaser, Zimmermann, Haferkorn, Weber & Siering, 2014). The purpose of this study was to determine what attracts and motivates consumers to own Bitcoin cryptocurrency and to fill a gap in the academic literature. The findings indicate that there is a strong relationship between owning Bitcoin and a desire for financial profit. This study concludes that the main motivation is of course profit which was driven by both finances and innovative technology led Bitcoin users to mining and installing Bitcoin clients, and then investing and trading afterwards.

Blockchain Technology and General Issue of Tax Evasion via Bitcoin

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-108
Author(s):  
Güneş Çetin Gerger
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Financial Fraud ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Digital Assets

Cryptocurrencies often also serve money laundering activities, terrorist financing, tax evasion, and other illegitimate activities with a market value of more than 7 billion euros across the globe, though the total amount is hardly measurable. Indeed, the blockchain technology involves many virtual currencies, including bitcoin, to conduct various financial transactions related practices throughout the world economies. Besides, other blockchain applications are making positive contributions to a wide array of other industries including healthcare, supply chain, manufacturing, etc. This technology which constitutes the backbone of digital assets transactions currencies is characterized by anonymity, privacy, security, and speed. In this sense, for tax administration authorities, detection of financial fraud and regulations with respect to taxation of virtual transactions pose newer emerging challenges. This chapter aims to examine the blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, especially bitcoin, and look into regulations by world governments to combat tax evasion and illegal transactions.

scholarly journals Money Laundering: An Overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Deepa Joshi ◽  
Ashutosh Vyas ◽  
Ms. Megha Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Classification Code ◽  
Proceeds Of Crime ◽  
Recent Activity ◽  
Financial Transactions

Money laundering is generally regarded as the practice of engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, and/or destination of illegally gained money by which the proceeds of crime are converted into assets which appear to have a legitimate origin. In other words, Money Laundering refers to the conversion or "Laundering" of money which is illegally obtained, so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source. The recent activity in money laundering in India is through political parties’ corporate companies and share market. Bank fraud is a serious financial crime that involves the unlawful obtainment of funds from a bank or other financial institution. Money is the root cause of many evils like corruption, black marketing, smuggling, drug trafficking, tax evasion, and the buck does not stop here. While carrying out the Know your Client (KYC) norms, special care has to be exercised to ensure that the contracts are not anonymous or under fictitious names. Money is the prime reason for engaging in almost any type of criminal activity .Money laundering is the method by which criminals disguise the illegal origins of their wealth. GEL Classification Code: E49; E50; P44

scholarly journals Financial intelligent investigations in combating money laundering crime

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Suhartati Lukito
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Economic Crime ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Banking Institution ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Economic Crimes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the functions of financial intelligent investigations by the Indonesian financial intelligent unit in conjunction with the participating reporting parties, to consider the obstacles and challenges to reduce money laundering cases in Indonesia, realizing that the role of the financial intelligent investigations not only conducted by Indonesian Financial Intelligent Unit itself but the active participation from reporting parties such as banking institution. The function of financial intelligent unit in supervising and monitoring cash financial transactions is importance in fight against economic crimes, particularly in the anti-money laundering regime. Design/methodology/approach – This paper explores the Indonesian laws on prevention and eradication on money laundering crime and analyzing the importance role of financial intelligent investigations and disruption of money laundering crime. Findings – The financial intelligent investigations will become an important strategy to combating the economic crime such as money laundering and corruption. The new perspective is needed to developing the good synergy in the financial intelligent unit and reporting parties to maximizing the eradication of money laundering cases. Practical implications – The paper can be a source to explore about the money laundering eradication based on Indonesia legal perspective. Originality/value – This paper gives contributions by encouraging the financial intelligent unit in conjunction with all the financial institutions to disrupt any money laundering activities, which is associated to other predicate crimes and attempting to conceal the illegal funds derived from illegal activities that commonly happened in Indonesia.

PERDAGANGAN ETHEREUM DI INDODAX EXCHANGE DALAM PERSFEKTIF SYARIAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Khoirul Umam
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Asset ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Financial Transactions

In view of Islamic law Ethereum as a digital asset that is traded in cyberspace.The value of cryptocurrency surges and fluctuates, it is influenced by buying and selling demand. Indodax exchange is an official digital asset site in Indonesia that trades more than 40 digital currencies.The purpose of this study is to analyze whether cryptocurrency is worthy of value as money having a certain value, and also seen from the Indonesian government through Bank Indonesia has issued regulation No. 16/8/PBI/2014, which explicitly prohibits the use of bitcoin, Ethereum and altcoin for use in financial transactions in cash. So that raises research questions how the cryptocurrency law in the form of coin ethereum in Islamic law. The results of this study explain ethereum has advantages and disadvantages. Among its advantages is that users can use exchanges or transactions without a third service (bank), and can be traded at merchandise stores.However, ethereum losses are more frequent, such as fluctuating values each time, not listed as commodities, not watched by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), they present elements of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling) or (betting), which are used for money laundering and purchase of illegal drugs.Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Ethereum, Digital asset

scholarly journals Regulatory Arbitrage and Non-Judicial Debt Collection in Central and Eastern Europe - Tax Sheltering and Potential Money Laundering

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalin-Gabriel Stanescu ◽  
Camelia Bogdan
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Regulatory Arbitrage ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Debt Collectors ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
Debt Collection

AbstractNon-judicial recovery of debts is now rampant in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The reason is two-fold. On the one hand, the significant number of defaults in the poorer areas of Europe makes the CEE region a very attractive market for debt-collection. On the other hand, the activity is almost entirely unregulated, especially regarding abusive debt collection practices. The CEE region still lacks mature, strong, and experienced supervisory agencies that could tackle borderline activities. This enables companies involved in debt collection to comply easily with the minimal legal provisions and to circumvent the actual purpose of the law, including through tax sheltering and money laundering. The main argument developed in the paper is that the debt collection system it is designed to maximize profits, minimize tax base and, potentially, can serve as money laundering mechanism. The system functions in a triadic relationship: the debt-seller (a credit institution), the debt-buyer (usually an investment company), and the debt-administrator (a debt-collection agency, either fully owned by, or under the control of the debt-buyer), where debt portfolios are purchased at huge discounts (varying between 90 and 95% of face value). By revealing the mechanism used by debt-collectors, the paper calls for legislative intervention to seal the gap and ensure adequate taxation of debt-collection activities. The nature of regulatory arbitrage involved relates both to tax law as well as to regulatory standards, such as licensing requirements. Debt buyers benefit from the EU passport rule, make high returns on their 'investments' and optimize their taxes on profits obtained. Debt administrators perform their activity at almost no liability and no tax payable to the state. This mechanism creates favorable premises for money laundering and financing of illegal activities, as the web of offshore companies behind the debt-buyer renders the verification of the origin of their investment money extremely difficult. Using Romania as a case study, the paper addresses not only the aforementioned practices and risks, but also the potential reasons behind the state's inability either to adopt adequate legislation, or to enforce it. In doing so, the paper employs empirical evidence regarding the activity of ten Romanian debt collection agencies and relevant case law thereof. The paper concludes with the authors' proposal for a potential solution, which can be extended beyond Romania.

scholarly journals Tackling Illegal Activities Through Tax Law – Al Capone Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Matej Kacaljak
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Illegal Activities

Abstract This paper discusses the Al Capone case and identifies legal institutions which contributed to the conviction of Al Capone for tax evasion in the USA and discusses similarities in Slovak law. The Slovak legal environment is assessed with the aim of identifying potential room for improvement. Under an assumption of identical factual circumstances, it is tested whether Al Capone would be convicted of tax evasion in the Slovak Republic and if not, what would be the main reasons. The paper concludes that due to some, probably unintentional, specifics of Slovak tax and criminal law, Al Capone could not be convicted of tax evasion by the Slovak courts. In our opinion, these specifics do not, however, constitute material elements of the basic structure of Slovak tax and criminal law and could be relatively easily corrected.

Tax evasion and money laundering: a complete framework

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deen Kemsley ◽  
Sean A. Kemsley ◽  
Frank T. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Financial Action Task ◽  
Tax Savings ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Complete Framework

Purpose This paper aims to define the fundamental nexus between income tax evasion and money laundering. The G7 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) designates tax evasion as a predicate offense for money laundering. We determine whether this designation is complete from a conceptual standpoint, or whether there is a stronger connection between tax evasion and money laundering. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies the FATF definition for money laundering – as well as generally accepted definitions for tax evasion and for a standard predicate offense – to identify the necessary conditions for each crime. This paper then uses these conditions to test opposing hypotheses regarding the nexus between tax evasion and money laundering. Findings This paper demonstrates that tax evasion does not meet the conditions for a standard predicate offense, and treating it as if it were a standard predicate could be problematic in practice. Instead, it is concluded that the FATF’s predicate label for tax evasion, together with tax evasion methods and objectives, imply that all tax evasion constitutes money laundering. In a single process, tax evasion generates both criminal tax savings and launders those criminal proceeds by concealing or disguising their unlawful origin. Practical implications The FATF could strengthen its framework by explicitly defining all tax evasion as money laundering. This would enable regulatory agencies to draw upon the full combined resources dedicated to either offense. Originality/value The analysis demonstrates that tax evasion completely incorporates money laundering as currently defined by the FATF.

Terrorism financing and money laundering: two sides of the same coin?

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 962-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Compin
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Terrorism Financing ◽  
Utilitarian Approach ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how terrorism financing can be assimilated with money launderning when the amounts ofmoney involved differ so markedly. Not only is the cost of financing terrorist attacks minimal compared to the huge sums often at stake in financial crimes, but also the psychological profile of terrorists, who are reclusive by nature, contrasts starkly with that of financial criminals, who are usually fully integrated members of society. When terrorism financing is equated with money laundering this represents a utilitarian approach in that it facilitates the creation of a security strategy and stifles criticism of criminogenic capitalismthat turns a blind eye to tax evasion. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is conceptual, focussing on the assimilation of terrorism financing with money laundering. There is an interview with a French magistrate, specialized in the fight against corruption and white-collar crime, and data have been collected from international organizations and scholarly articles. Findings The fight against money laundering and money dirtying has clearly sparked numerous controversies around evaluation, scope, criminal perpetrators and a lack of vital cooperation between administrative and judicial services. Social implications This paper raises questions about the reasons behind the linking of money laundering and money dirtying by states and players in public international law and why the fight against money laundering is very much overshadowed by their focus on terrorist financing in dealing with the growing threat of Islamic State, otherwise known as ISIS or ISIL, in the Middle East and West Africa. Originality/value The paper enables the reader to raise the question of similarities between the fight against money laundering and the fight against terrorism financing.

Macroeconomics of money laundering: effects and measurements

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nella Hendriyetty ◽  
Bhajan S. Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Illicit Flows

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review studies focusing on the magnitude of money laundering and their effects on a country’s economy. The relevant concepts are identified on the basis of discussions in the literature by prominent scholars and policy makers. There are three main objectives in this review: first, to discuss the effects of money laundering on a country’s macro-economy; second, to seek measurements from other scholars; and finally, to seek previous findings about the magnitude and the flows of money laundering. Design/methodology/approach In the first part, this paper outlines the effects of money laundering on macroeconomic conditions of a country, and then the second part reviews the literature that measures the magnitude of money laundering from an economic perspective. Findings Money laundering affects a country’s economy by increasing shadow economy and criminal activities, illicit flows and impeding tax collection. To minimise these negative effects, it is necessary to quantify the magnitude of money laundering relative to economic conditions to identify the most vulnerable aspects of money laundering in a country. Two approaches are used in this study: the first is the capital flight approach, as money laundering will cause flows of money between countries; the second is the economic approach for measuring money laundering through economic variables (e.g. tax revenue, underground economy and income generated by criminals) separately from tax evasion. Originality/value The paper offers new insights for the measurement of money laundering, especially for developing countries. Most methods in quantifying money laundering have focused on developed countries, which are less applicable to developing countries.

scholarly journals A Study on Anti-Money Laundering: Principles And Perceptions in Context to India

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
R. Harika ◽  
V. N. V. Sai Ramresh
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Combat Money Laundering

Tax evasion is the focal turn of numerous genuine offenses. Hacking frameworks or laundering cash has become an extraordinary calling of individuals where they exploit distinctive monetary and general sets of laws of various nations. AML is needed to make the country less appealing for the launderers, in this manner shielding the monetary area from functional and reputational hazards. To have a thorough paper, the paper is partitioned into four sections. Part I opens up with clarifying the ideas and cycles of tax evasion calling attention to the causes and methods of illegal tax avoidance. Part II moves with rules and guidelines/control instruments to manage the issue of illegal tax avoidance. Considering the previously mentioned conversation Part III continues in expounding the ideas to have a decent enemy of tax evasion system. The paper is the principal endeavor to move toward AML Bill 2008 to combat money laundering.

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