The Impact of Corporate Income Tax on Capital Structure: Evidence from Serbian Food Industry

Research Question: The aim of this paper is to present the effect of corporate income tax on capital structure in the food industry of the Republic of Serbia. Motivation: Based on the empirical results of Moradi & Paulet (2018) and Kuc & Kalicanin (2021), the author's aim of the research conducted in this paper is to analyse the impact of corporate income tax on the capital structure in the Republic of Serbia as a developing country with an underdeveloped capital market and to support the results of this sporadically researched area of corporate finance in the Republic of Serbia. Idea: The author believes that by determining the optimal capital structure, it could be possible to reduce the burden of corporate income tax. Given that the food industry is one of the most significant and profitable industries in the Republic of Serbia, the results of this theoretical and empirical research would be of a great benefit to the local Tax Authority and to large taxpayers. Data: The research was conducted on a sample of 250 most active companies that operated within the food industry of the Republic of Serbia in the period from 2017 to 2019. The source of data for the purposes of this research are the official financial reports of companies registered with the Serbian Business Registers Agency. Tools: Elemental descriptive statistics techniques and panel regression analysis were applied throughout the data analysis. For the purpose of data processing the author used STATA statistical software. Findings: The results confirmed the existence of a negative and statistically significant relationship between tax savings based on depreciation costs and profitability on the one hand, and capital structure, on the other. Thus, the results indicate the need of profitable companies to use high depreciation costs to provide a reduced burden of corporate income tax with a capital structure shifted to accumulated own financial resources. In addition, the results of the regression model showed the absence of a statistically significant effect of tax savings based on interest costs on capital structure. Contribution: The contribution of this paper is reflected in additional support to existing discussions on impact of corporate income taxes on capital structure. Further, the paper contributes to business practice by determining how corporate income tax burden could be reduced by choosing optimal financial mix.

The detection of earnings management through a decrease of corporate income tax

This paper explores the manner in which Dutch and German listed companies were able to manage earnings by the decline in corporate income tax toward the end of the 2000s. In addition, a recent article examines the existing state of earnings management at a European level in the Netherlands and Germany. This empirical study sampled 1350 firm-years for the Netherlands and 1850 firm-years for Germany between 2000 and 2018. The study indicated that those firms with larger prospect tax savings appeared to exercise earnings management to hasten discretionary accruals. In view of the income-reducing impact these discretionary deductions have on financial statements, the findings show corporate income taxes are a significant incentive. Since companies can reduce tax costs by deferring income tax to a subsequent year and lower the tax tariff cycle, theoretically, this tax reform incentivizes management to manage their earnings with the purpose of minimize tax payments. More research is needed into the impact of tax compliance on declining earnings management in this area.

The Effect of Tax System Characteristics on Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

Although determinants of cross-border merger and acquisitions (M&As) have been given substantial attention in the literature, research examining the effect of tax system characteristics on cross-border M&As is more limited. Cross-border M&As have substantial tax implications for both the acquiring firm and the target firm. Because firms evaluate investments based on expected after-tax returns, I expect that managers consider potential tax savings or costs in making investment decisions across tax jurisdictions. In this study, I use hand-collected country-year-level tax system characteristics to examine tax determinants of the volume and direction of cross-border M&As. I find that tax system characteristics such as controlled foreign corporation provisions, thin capitalization provisions, and the presence of a worldwide versus territorial regime have a significant effect on cross-border M&A activity.

The Impact of the digitalization and the policy changes on the Savings Instruments (Saving Certificates) in Bangladesh: a response from the investors.

Investment in the National Savings Certificate (NSC) has been the most popular savings instrument among the people of Bangladesh that provides guaranteed returns with tax savings. The government of Bangladesh mainly issues the NSCs to collect money from small and scattered savings of general people. It brings marginal and special populations into the Government's social safety net programs for ensuring an equitable and poverty-free society. Recently the authority has introduced automation and regulatory deterrents such as making mandatory the submission of e-TIN, national identity cards, bank accounts, cheque transactions, and increased deduction at source. My research has attempted to identify the impact of the policy changes on the investors’ minds and how they react. This study suggests that recent policy changes and the requirement for the mandatory documents to purchase NSCs have no impact on the investment decision as people still consider this is the most attractive and secures means of investment.

Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi struktur modal di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Capital structure is a combination of capital and debt so that it is very influential on the company's financial position. To finance operations, companies can use funds from debt or capital. However, the company's management must know whether the company is able to bear the financial risks or costs of these funds to prevent the company's bankruptcy. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence the capital structure. The independent variables are corporate tax rates, non-debt tax savings, investment opportunity sets, sales growth, and profitability. The sample data tested were obtained from the annual reports of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The reporting period used in this study was five years and amounted to 2,210. The data obtained were then processed through the SPSS 25 and Eviews 10 systems. The results revealed that corporate tax rates and profitability have a significant negative effect on capital structure. There is a significant positive effect of the investment opportunity set variable and sales growth on the owned capital structure. Another finding is that non-debt tax savings have no significant effect on capital structure.

PENERAPAN PERENCANAAN PAJAK ATAS PAJAK PENGHASILAN

This study aims to describe how the implementation of appropriate tax planning in order to minimize the payment of income tax. In optimizing tax planning, a strategy that can be done is to make a nominative list related to entertainment expenses, management of food facilities, health and communication for employees, the use of the gross-up method in calculating employee salaries. Tax planning resulted in tax savings of IDR 7,022,500.00. The available cash flow from the tax savings can be maximized to support other operational activities.

Tax evasion and money laundering: a complete framework

Purpose This paper aims to define the fundamental nexus between income tax evasion and money laundering. The G7 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) designates tax evasion as a predicate offense for money laundering. We determine whether this designation is complete from a conceptual standpoint, or whether there is a stronger connection between tax evasion and money laundering. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies the FATF definition for money laundering – as well as generally accepted definitions for tax evasion and for a standard predicate offense – to identify the necessary conditions for each crime. This paper then uses these conditions to test opposing hypotheses regarding the nexus between tax evasion and money laundering. Findings This paper demonstrates that tax evasion does not meet the conditions for a standard predicate offense, and treating it as if it were a standard predicate could be problematic in practice. Instead, it is concluded that the FATF’s predicate label for tax evasion, together with tax evasion methods and objectives, imply that all tax evasion constitutes money laundering. In a single process, tax evasion generates both criminal tax savings and launders those criminal proceeds by concealing or disguising their unlawful origin. Practical implications The FATF could strengthen its framework by explicitly defining all tax evasion as money laundering. This would enable regulatory agencies to draw upon the full combined resources dedicated to either offense. Originality/value The analysis demonstrates that tax evasion completely incorporates money laundering as currently defined by the FATF.

Pengaruh Struktur Modal, Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Nilai Perusahaan (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Infrastruktur, Utilitas, dan Transportasi yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2015-2018)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of capital structure, profitability, liquidity, and firm size on firm value of the company on infrastructure, utilities and transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2015- 2018. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, the sample of companies obtained consisted of 24 infrastructure, utilities and transportation companies listed on the Stock Exchange in 2015-2018. The research method uses multiple linear regression with a panel data approach. The results show that capital structure and profitability have a significant positive effect on the firm value of infrastructure, utilities and transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2015-2018. Liquidity and firm size have a significant negative effect on the firm value of infrastructure, utilities and transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2015-2018. The implications of this study include that additional debt in the company's capital structure can be a positive signal to investors that can increase company value because additional debt in a company can be used for additional investment funds and corporate tax savings. Then, an increase in the value of profitability can show investors good prospects for the company because many investors are attracted to companies that have good profitability, and have an effect on increasing share demand and company value.

How Do Firms Use Cash Tax Savings? A Cross-country Analysis

We examine how firms utilize cash generated via tax avoidance. Understanding how firms use these cash flows is important given the considerable global attention firms' tax avoidance activities have received. Using an international sample, we find that firms are more likely to invest cash tax savings or use them to repurchase shares rather than distribute them in the form of dividends. We find that our results hold for an international sample of domestic-only firms, distinguishing our study from U.S.-only studies, which focus on constraints and distortions of multinational corporations in a worldwide tax system. When partitioning on country-level governance, we find that firms in weak governance countries are more likely to use tax savings to fund investment and pay dividends. Taken together, our results suggest cash tax avoidance is associated with important firm decisions, and these associations vary across countries.

PENERAPAN KAPITALISASI SEWA OPERASI TERHADAP LAPORAN POSISI KEUANGAN DAN RASIO KEUANGAN PADA PERUSAHAAN DI INDONESIA

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of capitalization on operating leases based on the latest accounting standards, namely PSAK 73 which is applicable in the preparation of financial reports related to lease activities. The impact of the convergence of PSAK 73 application of IFRS 16 introduces a single accounting model that applies to the lessee party, while for the lessor there is no difference with the previous standard. The type of research used in this research is quantitative research with the data used is secondary data by utilizing the data available in the annual reports and financial reports of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, the period 2018-2019. Secondary data is taken by pulling company data that reveals the value of the future minimum lease payments regarding the operating lease in the company's financial statements. The research sample used in this study is a company listed on the Indonsia Stock Exchange in the 2018-2019 period, with the criteria that the company states that the type of lease transaction is an operating lease and provides information on the minimum value of lease payments in the future. The constructive capitalization lease method was developed by Imhof, et al. (1991). Data analysis methods include descriptive statistical testing and Paired T-Test and Anova test using the Minitab 16 statistical application software. The results of this study indicate that operating lease capitalization has a significant effect on unrecorded lease liability, unrecorded lease assets, equity, and financial ratios. . Also, empirical evidence shows that there are tax savings from capitalizing operating leases