scholarly journals Cover Crops Management in the Soybean-Wheat Offseason

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
Lucas Link ◽  
Vanderson Vieira Batista ◽  
Paulo Fernando Adami ◽  
Luara Silva Pereira ◽  
Karine Fuschter Oligini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Management

More than 2 million hectare of soil at the soybean-wheat offseason remains on fallow in Brazil. Therefore, this research studied a suitable cover crop and its herbicide management to be adopted is this period as well as its influence on wheat yield at the 2017/18 and 2018/19 growing season. Experiment was laid out as a randomized block design in a factorial scheme composed of four cover crops (Fagopyrum esculentum, Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum glaucum and Urochloa brizantha) and two herbicide management [Anticipated Desiccation (17 days before) and Desiccation at the wheat Sowing day] with four replications. Fallow without cover crops was used as a control. The tradeoff between the additional biomass produced by millet and brachiaria between herbicide desiccation periods does not pay the wheat grain yield reduction, suggesting that its herbicide management should be anticipated. In the other hand, C. juncea showed a linear increase in biomass along the periods without wheat yield effects and its herbicide dissection at the wheat sowing day appears to be the best management. F. esculentum showed the fastest development cycle and can be recommended for shorter offseason periods. P. glaucum showed rapid growth and the highest biomass yield at both years, standing out as the best option for offseason periods from 70 to 80 days, although, anticipated herbicide management before wheat sowing resulted in higher grain yield at the second year of study. Further studies should consider other cover crop benefits as weed suppression, physical and chemical soil traits improvements and erosion reduction.

scholarly journals Cover crop management in the maize-wheat offseason

2021 ◽  
pp. 871-877
Author(s):  
Lucas Link ◽  
Luara Silva Pereira ◽  
Vanderson Vieira Batista ◽  
Karine Fuschter Oligini ◽  
Erick Vinicius Pellizari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Management ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

This research studied a suitable cover crop considering biomass accumulation and nutrient cycling and its herbicide management to be adopted in the maize-wheat offseason as well as its influence on wheat yield. Experiment was laid out as a randomized block design in a factorial scheme with five cover crops (Fagopyrum esculentum, Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum glaucum, Urochloa brizantha and Crotalaria spectabilis at 2017/18 growing season and at 2018/19, Fagopyrum esculentum and Crotalaria spectabilis were switched for Dolichos lablab) and two herbicide management (Desiccation 17 days before and at the wheat Sowing day) with four replications. Fallow was used as a control. Fagopyrum esculentum showed the fastest cycle and can be recommended for shorter offseason periods (50 days). Pennisetum glaucum showed the highest biomass yield at both years, standing out as the best option for offseason periods of 70 to 80 days. Tradeoff between the additional biomass produced by millet and brachiaria between herbicide desiccation periods does not cover the wheat grain yield reduction, suggesting that its herbicide management should be anticipated. On the other hand, Crotalarias showed a linear increase in biomass along the periods without wheat yield effects and its herbicide dissection at the wheat sowing day is recommended

scholarly journals Effect of Wheat Cover Crop and Split Nitrogen Application on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladapo Adeyemi ◽  
Reza Keshavarz-Afshar ◽  
Emad Jahanzad ◽  
Martin Leonardo Battaglia ◽  
Yuan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Application ◽  
Use Efficiency

Corn (Zea mays L.) grain is a major commodity crop in Illinois and its production largely relies on timely application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Currently, growers in Illinois and other neighboring states in the U.S. Midwest use the maximum return to N (MRTN) decision support system to predict corn N requirements. However, the current tool does not factor in implications of integrating cover crops into the rotation, which has recently gained attention among growers due to several ecosystem services associated with cover cropping. A two-year field trail was conducted at the Agronomy Research Center in Carbondale, IL in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate whether split N application affects nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of corn with and without a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop. A randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements and four replicates was used. Main plots were cover crop treatments (no cover crop (control) compared to a wheat cover crop) and subplots were N timing applications to the corn: (1) 168 kg N ha−1 at planting; (2) 56 kg N ha−1 at planting + 112 kg N ha−1 at sidedress; (3) 112 kg N ha−1 at planting + 56 kg N ha−1 at sidedress; and (4) 168 kg N ha−1 at sidedress along with a zero-N control as check plot. Corn yield was higher in 2018 than 2019 reflecting more timely precipitation in that year. In 2018, grain yield declined by 12.6% following the wheat cover crop compared to no cover crop control, indicating a yield penalty when corn was preceded with a wheat cover crop. In 2018, a year with timely and sufficient rainfall, there were no yield differences among N treatments and N balances were near zero. In 2019, delaying the N application improved NUE and corn grain yield due to excessive rainfall early in the season reflecting on N losses which was confirmed by lower N balances in sidedressed treatments. Overall, our findings suggest including N credit for cereals in MRTN prediction model could help with improved N management in the Midwestern United States.

Cereal cover crops for weed suppression in a summer fallow-wheat cropping sequence

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
E. G. Smith ◽  
S. M. McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Summer Fallow

Cropping systems in western Canada that include summer fallow can leave the soil exposed to erosion and require frequent weed control treatments. Cover crops have been used for soil conservation and to suppress weed growth. Experiments were conducted under rain-fed conditions at Lethbridge, Alberta to determine the effect of short-term fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and annual rye cover crops in the fallow year on weed growth and subsequent wheat yield. Under favorable weather conditions fall rye was as effective as post-harvest plus early spring tillage or herbicides in spring weed control. Winter wheat and fall rye residues, after growth was terminated in June, reduced weed biomass in September by 50% compared to no cover crop in 1993 but had little effect on weeds in 1995. Fall-seeded cover crops reduced the density of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] but increased the density of downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), and thyme-leaved spurge (Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers.) in the following fall or spring. Wheat yields after fall rye and no cover crop were similar but yields after spring-seeded annual rye were less than after no cover crop. Spring-seeded annual rye did not adequately compete with weeds. Cover crops, unlike the no cover crop treatment, always left sufficient plant residue to protect the soil from erosion until the following wheat crop was seeded. Key words: Allelopathies, fall rye, nitrogen, soil conservation, soil moisture, weed control, spring rye, winter wheat

scholarly journals Corn and soybean yields as affected by cover crops and herbicide timing under no-tillage system

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-946
Author(s):  
P. Oliveira ◽  
A.S. Nascente ◽  
J. Kluthcouski ◽  
T.A.P. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Tillage System

To achieve better results in the no-tillage system (NTS), it is important to properly manage the cover crop prior to planting by using herbicides, usually glyphosate. The effect of glyphosate on plant coverage is slow, and plants take a few days to die completely. Thus, when applying the herbicide on the same day of planting soybean or corn, cover crops are still alive and standing, causing initial shading on seedlings of the crop and delaying its establishment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of distinct cover crops and their timing of desiccation prior to planting soybean or corn, on crop yield and yield components. Two experiments were installed, one for soybean and another for corn. Each experiment consisted in combining three cover crops (Brachiaria brizantha, common bean or millet) chemically desiccated at two timings before planting the crop (15 or 0 days before planting) under no-tillage system (NTS). Experiments were installed in a completely randomized block design with five replications. Brachiaria brizantha produced the highest amount of biomass; common bean and millet as cover crops allowed higher soybean grain yields; herbicide application under common bean, millet and Brachiaria brizantha 15 days before planting soybean allowed higher crop grain yields; desiccation timing of common bean did not affect corn grain yield; Brachiaria brizantha should be desiccated 15 days before planting corn to allow maximum grain yield; when millet was used as a cover crop, glyphosate application at planting of corn allowed the highest grain yield.

Rolled Mixtures of Barley and Cereal Rye for Weed Suppression in Cover Crop–based Organic No-Till Planted Soybean

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Liebert ◽  
Antonio DiTommaso ◽  
Matthew R. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
No Till ◽  
Lower Cover ◽  
Crop Biomass

Maximizing cereal rye biomass has been recommended for weed suppression in cover crop–based organic no-till planted soybean; however, achieving high biomass can be challenging, and thick mulch can interfere with soybean seed placement. An experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 in New York to test whether mixing barley and cereal rye would (1) increase weed suppression via enhanced shading prior to termination and (2) provide acceptable weed suppression at lower cover crop biomass levels compared with cereal rye alone. This experiment was also designed to assess high-residue cultivation as a supplemental weed management tool. Barley and cereal rye were seeded in a replacement series, and a split-block design with four replications was used with management treatments as main plots and cover crop seeding ratio treatments (barley:cereal rye, 0:100, 50:50, and 100:0) as subplots. Management treatments included high-residue cultivation and standard no-till management without high-residue cultivation. Despite wider leaves in barley, mixing the species did not increase shading, and cereal rye dominated cover crop biomass in the 50:50 mixtures in 2013 and 2014, representing 82 and 93% of the biomass, respectively. Across all treatments, average weed biomass (primarily common ragweed, giant foxtail, and yellow foxtail) in late summer ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 Mg ha−1in 2013 and 0.6 to 1.3 Mg ha−1in 2014, and weed biomass tended to decrease as the proportion of cereal rye, and thus total cover crop biomass, increased. However, soybean population also decreased by 29,100 plants ha−1for every 1 Mg ha−1increase in cover crop biomass in 2013 (P=0.05). There was no relationship between cover crop biomass and soybean population in 2014 (P=0.35). Soybean yield under no-till management averaged 2.9 Mg ha−1in 2013 and 2.6 Mg ha−1in 2014 and was not affected by cover crop ratio or management treatment. Partial correlation analyses demonstrated that shading from cover crops prior to termination explained more variation in weed biomass than cover crop biomass. Our results indicate that cover crop management practices that enhance shading at slightly lower cover crop biomass levels might reduce the challenges associated with excessive biomass production without sacrificing weed suppression in organic no-till planted soybean.

scholarly journals Cover Crops in the Weed Management in Soybean Culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S.D.C. SÃO MIGUEL ◽  
L.P. PACHECO ◽  
E.D. SOUZA ◽  
C.M.R. SILVA ◽  
Í.C. CARVALHO
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Tridax Procumbens ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cover crops on weed suppression in no-tillage soybean production systems in Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area and consisted of the evaluation of nine cover treatments and soil management in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: NT fallow, CT fallow, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria breviflora, maize + Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum, Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan, sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis, Stylosanthes, Vigna unguiculata, Urochloa brizantha, maize + Urochloa ruziziensis. The evaluations were carried out before the desiccation for soybean sowing in the crops (10/23/2014) and (09/21/2015), before the post-emergence of soybean (09/12/2014) and (12/11/2015) and in the second season (12/06/2015). The useful area was 5 x 5 m and all weeds were counted and identified, but only the four species with the largest population were collected. The weeds evaluated were: Digitaria horizontalis, Digitaria insularis, Porophyllum ruderale and Tridax procumbens. Fallow treatments presented higher weed populations in relation to the others, in all periods of evaluation. Digitaria horizontalis presented the highest phytomass production in most seasons. The production systems with Urochloa ruziziensis, Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria spectabilis and intercropped with maize + Urochloa ruziziensis, sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis and maize + Crotalaria spectabilis were the best alternatives for integrated weed management, reducing the incidence and increasing control of the main species that were detected during the conduction of the experiment.

scholarly journals 183 Influence of Cover Crops on Weed Control and Plant Growth in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 473E-473
Author(s):  
Braja B. Datta ◽  
Ray D William
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Biomass

Fall-planted cover crops killed in spring is practiced in strawberry cultivation in different regions of the North America. These systems have shown significant weed suppression and conservation of soil without significant yield reduction in strawberry. During the establishment season, this study was initiated to assess weed suppression with cover crops (`Wheeler' rye and `Micah' and `Steptoe' barley) along with perlite, an artificial plant medium. Strawberry (`Selva' and `Totem') plant growth and weed biomass were measured during 1995-96 season. Small-seeded summer annual weeds were suppressed in cover crop treatments compared to control treatment. `Micah' barley in growth phase suppressed more than 81% of the total weed biomass compared to control plots with no cover crop in early spring. However, in early summer, cover crop residues failed to suppress different types of weeds 60 days after killing of cereal with herbicide (2% glyphosate). Distinct differences in strawberry plant growth were evident between the cover crop treatments and non-cover crop treatments including `Micah' applied on surface. Strawberry growth was doubled during 10 July to 15 Aug. in both cultivars. `Micah' barley applied on surface produced better growth in both strawberry varieties than the growth in other treatments. `Micah' barley applied on soil surface produced 50% more strawberry shoot biomass may indicate the root competition between cover crops and strawberry.

scholarly journals Time of Interseeding of Lana Vetch and Winter Rye Cover Strips Determines Competitive Impact on Pumpkins Grown Using Organic Practices

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1716-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Vanek ◽  
H.C. Wien ◽  
Anu Rangarajan
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Vicia Villosa

Growing a main vegetable crop for harvest and a cover crop for residue return to soil in the same growing season is a promising strategy to sustain soil quality in vegetable rotations. Our research evaluated cover crop strips interseeded between pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.) as a way to implement such a strategy. Cover crop types were lana vetch (Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa Ten.) and a lana vetch–winter rye (Secale cereale L.) mix, interseeded before, at the same time, or after pumpkins. The competitive impact of different cover crop strips was assessed using pumpkin yield, cover strip biomass, crop nitrogen status, soil nitrate status, and soil water potential. Cover strips were also assessed for competitiveness with native weeds. Seeding date affected the competitiveness of cover strips with pumpkins, while cover type did not. Cover crops seeded before pumpkins or at the same time reduced pumpkin yield in proportion to biomass produced by the cover strips early in pumpkin growth. Cover strips seeded after pumpkins did not reduce yield. Tilling in a before-seeded cover strip at 30 days after pumpkin seeding gave higher pumpkin yield than before-seeded cover strips that were not tilled. At three of four sites, after-seeded cover strips had the lowest percent weed biomass in strips, and at two sites with moderate weed pressure vetch–rye strips were more effective than vetch alone in suppressing weeds. Cover strips seeded before or at the same time as pumpkins reduced pumpkin yield by taking up resources that were otherwise available to pumpkins. At a high-rainfall site, competition for soil nitrate by cover crop strips was the dominant factor in reducing pumpkin yield. At a low-rainfall site, the dominant factor was competition for water. Because of effective weed suppression and lack of pumpkin yield reduction, interseeding vetch–rye strips after pumpkins was a promising practice, as was tilling in preexistent cover strips at an interval <30 days after pumpkin seeding. Good previous weed management and rye–vetch mixes at high seeding rates are necessary to allow interseeded cover strips to outcompete weeds.

scholarly journals Agronomic performance of cotton and soybean cultivated under different cover crops and lime and gypsum doses

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Benart ◽  
Cassiano Garcia Roque ◽  
Cid Naudi da Silva Campos ◽  
Renato de Melo Prado ◽  
Rafael Gonçalves Vilela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soil management with the use of lime and agricultural gypsum can influence the development and yield of cotton and soybean crops. The use of cover crops avoids soil degradation and ensures nutrient cycling on the soil surface. In most cultivated species, the application of lime and agricultural gypsum provides corrections in the sub-surface soil, keeping the nutrients available. This study aimed to (i) verify whether cotton and soybean cultivated in succession to cover crops affect its agronomic performance and (ii) evaluate the influence of lime and gypsum doses on the agronomic performance of these crops. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of cotton cultivated in the off-season, and the second, of soybean cultivated in the regular season. The experiment was carried out under three plant residues (Urochloa ruziziensis, Pennisetum glaucum, and fallow area), combined with lime and gypsum doses. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized block design with four replications. For the cotton crop, only the gypsum doses influenced the variables plant height, initial and final population, and yield. Cover crops did not influence the agronomic performance of cotton and soybeans. The increase of lime doses resulted in a linear increase in cotton and soybean yield. The highest gympsum dose improved the agronomic performance of cotton plants; however, it only influenced the height of soybean plants.

scholarly journals Decomposition of cover crop mulch and weed control under a no-till system for organic maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamara Freitas Brito ◽  
João Carlos Cardoso Galvão ◽  
Jeferson Giehl ◽  
Steliane Pereira Coellho ◽  
Silvane de Almeida Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
White Lupine

The decomposition dynamics of cover crop mulch influence the nutrient supply of successor crops and weed suppression. This is even more relevant in organic production systems, due to their limited use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides. As such, the aim of this study was to quantify biomass production, model the decomposition and N, P and K release of the mulch of different cover crops, and assess the weed suppression of cover crops in the form of mulch and in consortium with organic maize. A randomized block design was used, with a 7x2 factorial scheme (7 cover crop management strategies and 2 cropping systems - maize in monoculture and intercropped with jack bean) and 4 replicates. The management practices that produced the most biomass were white lupine intercropped with black oat and the white lupine, black oat and sunflower monocultures. The use of cover crops did not differ from manual weeding in terms of weed biomass, but did affect the relative importance (RI) of nutgrass. Additionally, maize intercropped with jack bean reduced weed biomass in subsequent crop growth stages.

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