Phosphorus in Oil Palm Cultivated in the Oriental Amazon

Amazon soils have a low phosphorus (P) availability and few studies have investigated nutrition of palm oil plantations. This study assessed the effects of P nutrition on oil palm organs according to plant age. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, at the enterprise Agropalma S/A, in the municipality of Tailândia, Pará State, Brazil. The experimental design used was completely randomized with four replications and comprised seven treatments: plants age (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 years of planting). We evaluated P concentration, accumulation, and exportation in plant components (leaflets, petioles, stipe, rachis, palm heart, arrows, male inflorescences, peduncles, spikelets, and fruits). Palm heart (10.9 g kg-1) and male inflorescence (3.8 g kg-1) showed the highest P concentrations in the vegetative and reproductive organs, respectively. On the other hand, the largest P accumulations were observed in the stipe (159 g plant-1) and fruits (59 g plant-1), increasing from the 3rd year of age of the plants. Bunches exported the largest P amounts (81 g plant-1), especially in older plants. The oil palm immobilizes (24 kg ha-1) and recycles (23 kg ha-1) a large amount of P, more than it exports (12 kg ha-1) P.

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Chlorine Nutrition of Oil Palm Tree (Elaeis Guinq Jacq) in Eastern Amazon

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v8i3.16243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 704

Author(s):

Ismael De Jesus Matos Viégas ◽

Jessivaldo Rodrigues Galvão ◽

Allasse Oliveira da Silva ◽

Heráclito Eugênio Oliveira da Conceição ◽

Mauro Junior Borges Pacheco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Vegetative Organ ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Male Inflorescence ◽

Palm Heart ◽

The Status ◽

Medium Texture

In Brazil, the status of chlorine (Cl) nutrition in plants is still poorly studied. The micronutrient Cl plays an important role in cultures such as coconut and oil palm trees. This study aimed to evaluate the status of chlorine nutrition in oil palm trees as a function of planting age, which ranged from two to eight years of cultivation. The experiment was conducted in Tailândia, state of Pará, Brazil. The soil of the area is characterized as Yellow Latosol of medium texture. A total of four oil palm trees were sampled for each age and the following variables were analyzed: leaf, petioles, rachis, palm heart, arrows, stipe, male inflorescences, peduncles, spikelets and fruits, as well as the accumulated, recycled and immobilized levels of Cl. Oil palm trees proved to be demanding in Cl and the accumulation in the different vegetative organs increased with the development of the plant. The stipe was the main storing vegetative organ of this micronutrient. The highest demand of Cl (16.9-26.0 g/kg) occurred in the palm heart, while for male inflorescence, the values ranged from 3.3-4.1 g/kg of Cl. The levels of Cl recycled by the plant were higher than the immobilized and exported levels considering the development up to 4 years of age. After this age, the levels of recycled Cl are lower than those immobilized. As for the amount of Cl exported by clusters in 8-year-old plants, the values were 3.2 and 1.3 times lower than the recycled and immobilized levels, respectively.

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Relationships of phosphorus concentration in reproductive organs with soil phosphorus availability for tropical rain-forest trees on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467418000329 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 351-363

Author(s):

Yuki Tsujii ◽

Kanehiro Kitayama

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Organs ◽

Reproductive Organ ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

P Availability ◽

P Deficiency ◽

P Use Efficiency ◽

Tree Community ◽

P Concentration ◽

Mount Kinabalu ◽

Use Efficiency

Abstract:Bornean rain forests on phosphorus (P)-poor soils exhibit a high P-use efficiency in the production of reproductive organs (i.e. the inverse of P concentration in reproductive-organ litter). The mechanism underpinning this high P-use efficiency is not known, but is hypothesized to result from dilution of P in a given type of reproductive organ and/or a shift of the community composition of flower/fruit types with decreasing P availability. These hypotheses were tested using eight forests with different soil P availabilities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Mean P concentration per forest by genus in inflorescences was significantly positively correlated with P availability, while that in seeds or pericarps was not significantly correlated. This trend was consistent across 21 genera that we analysed, suggesting that P concentration in seeds is maintained in exchange with the dilution of P in inflorescences. The composition of fruit types in tree community was estimated based on the relative abundances of genera in each forest. The relative abundance of capsulate species, which required less P in pericarps, tended to increase in tree community with decreasing P availability. Therefore, both mechanisms were involved in P-use efficiency. This work provides an insight into the reproductive adaptation of trees to P deficiency.

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Zakat Tanaman Menurut Ulama Dayah Aceh Perspektif Maqāṣid Al-Syarī‘ah

Al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam ◽

10.24090/mnh.v12i2.1360 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 281-296

Author(s):

Alimuddin Alimuddin ◽

Harjoni Desky

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Legal Reasoning ◽

The Other ◽

Staple Food ◽

Other Hand ◽

Deductive Method ◽

Depth Study

This study examines the reasons for Achehness Ulama of Dayah regarding plants and seeds that are subject to zakat. How the logic of thinking used by these ulama and their relationship with maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah (syariah legal purposes). This research focuses on the legal substance of zakat as intended by the Qur’an and Hadith, then it is analyzed from the side of maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. The results of this study indicate that Acehnese Ulama argues that zakat of plants is only rice or a kind of staple food, on the grounds that it is a staple food of a country’s population, which has filling properties and can be stored and lasted. Other plants such as oil palm, cocoa, coffee, even though they are productive they are not zakatable wealth, because they do not meet these criteria. The legal reasoning of the Acehness Ulama uses the deductive method with the bayani (language) approach. On the other hand, the Acehness Ulama does not deny that the search for maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah can be done through in-depth study, but it is not yet certain that the obligations of zakat on productive plants can be formulated through this approach, so they reject it. According to them, the command of zakat can only be understood from the side of ta‘abbudī (worship approach), not through ta‘aqqulī (resourceful approach).

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KARAKTERISTIK PATI BERPORI MIKRO DARI TAPIOKA HASIL PERLAKUAN AMILASE SEBAGAI AGEN PENJERAPAN MINYAK [The Characteristic of Microporous Tapioca Starch After Amylase Treatment For Oil Adsorbent Agent]

Jurnal Teknologi & Industri Hasil Pertanian ◽

10.23960/jtihp.v25i2.71-80 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Dwi Ajias Pramasari ◽

Dewi Sondari ◽

Danang Sudarwoko Adi ◽

Bernadeta Ayu Widyaningrum ◽

Anugerah Fajar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Functional Group ◽

Starch Granule ◽

Granule Size ◽

The Other ◽

Partial Hydrolysis ◽

Color Analysis ◽

Tapioca Starch ◽

Granule Surface ◽

The One

Microporous starch can be used as oil adsorbent agent. The microporous starch can be produced through partial hydrolysis at temperature below gelatinization point using amylase. On the other hand, the study of amylase produced from Indonesian sea microbe, especially Brevibacterium sp. was rarely studied. Therefore, this paper discusses the tapioca characteristic made from Brevibacterium sp. amylase (treatment A) and commercial amylase (treatment B) as oil adsorbent agent. The result showed that the yield from treatment A and B was 74.65% and 12.75% while the starch granule size was 14.60 μm and 12,59 μm. The adsorbent test showed adsorption level of oil palm were 91,08% and 142,14% while for olive oil were 94,70% and 133,17%, for treatment A and B, respectively. The morphological test showed the presence of pori on the granule surface for both treatments with FTIR assessment showed no significant change in chemical functional group for both treatments. The color analysis showed almost similar brightness level between two treatments. In the end, microporous starch of treatment A has prospect as oil adsorbent agent like the one from commercial amylase

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The Effects of Oil Palm Fronds Silage Supplemented with Urea-Calcium Hydroxide on Rumen Fermentation and Nutrient Digestibility of Thai Native-Anglo Nubian Goats

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7040218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 218

Author(s):

Pin Chanjula ◽

Chanon Suntara ◽

Anusorn Cherdthong

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

The Other ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

Oil Palm Fronds ◽

Oil Palm Frond ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

Palm Frond

This study aimed to examine the combined effects of urea and calcium hydroxide ensiled oil palm fronds on rumen fermentation and digestibility of Thai native-Anglo Nubian goats. A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to randomly assign four male crossbred goats (Thai native × Anglo Nubian). The dietary treatments were as follows: ensiled oil palm frond with no additives (EOPF as the control), urea 5% (50 g/kg fresh matter) (E-UOPF 5%), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) 5% (50 g/kg fresh matter) (E-CaOPF 5%), and combination of urea 2.5% (25 g/kg fresh matter) with Ca(OH)2 (25 g/kg fresh matter) (E-UCOPF 2.5%). The oil palm frond ensiled with different additives did not change the DM intake (p > 0.05). The total TMR intakes range from 69.39 to 77.09 g/kg BW0.75. The goats fed with E-UOPF 5.0% consumed significantly more CP than the other groups (p < 0.05). The E-UCOPF increased ME intake by 4.8%, compared with the control treatment (p < 0.05). E-UOPF 5% and E-UCOPF 2.5% significantly increased the CP digestibility by 19.7% and 17.1%, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, E-CaOPF 5.0% and E-UCOPF 2.5% improved the NDF digestibility by about 10.9% and 9.90%, respectively (p < 0.05). The urea-containing oil palm frond (E-UOPF 5.0% and E-UCOPF 2.5%) had higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) than the other groups (p < 0.05). The TVFA of goats fed E-UCOPF 2.5% was approximately 15.8% higher than that of goats provide EOPF (p < 0.05). The mean concentration of C3 increased by 7.90% and 11.61%, respectively, when E-CaOPF 5.0% and E-UCOPF 2.5% were provided instead of EOPF (p < 0.05). The total N intake and absorbed were highest (p < 0.05) when goats offered E-UOPF 5.0% (p < 0.05). The goats fed oil palm frond without additives had the lowest percentage of N-absorption/N intake (p < 0.05). This study clearly shows that the most suitable treatment is E-UCOPF 2.5%, which enhances DMD, nutrient digestibility, TVFAs, and nitrogen balance and has no negative effects on rumen microbes. This indicates that E-UCOPF 2.5% may be utilized as an alternate roughage source in TMR diets, accounting for at least 40% of the OPF. However, several factors still require consideration for urea-Ca(OH)2 treatments to be successful, including other concentrations of urea, moisture content, duration of pre-treatment, and the metabolizable protein system.

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Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Resorption Responses of Alfalfa to Increasing Soil Water and P Availability in a Semi-Arid Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10020310 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 310 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meng Kong ◽

Jing Kang ◽

Cheng-Long Han ◽

Yan-Jie Gu ◽

Kadambot H.M Siddique ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Nutrient Resorption ◽

P Availability ◽

P Fertilization ◽

Resorption Efficiency ◽

P Concentration ◽

K Concentration ◽

The Relationship ◽

Semi Arid

In semi-arid areas, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is widely grown, but its growth is often restricted due to limited rainfall and soil nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P). Nutrient resorption is an effective strategy for dealing with nutrient shortages. Alleviation of these limited resources using film mulch and P fertilization—which are common practices in semi-arid areas—can affect the internal recycling of such nutrients. Little is known about such effects in alfalfa and the relationship between resorption efficiency and forage yield. We conducted a two-year field experiment in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China using film mulch and P fertilization to investigate the response to long-term increasing soil water and P availability on leaf nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) concentrations and nutrient resorption characteristics in alfalfa. In green leaves, mulching significantly increased P concentration by an average of 5.5% but it had no significant effect on N concentration over two years, and it decreased K concentration by 16.1% in 2017. P fertilization significantly increased N concentrations to a greater degree in 2018 (8.1%) than 2017 (1.6%). P fertilization also significantly increased P concentrations by an average of 34.1% over two years. In contrast, P fertilization significantly decreased K concentration in the mulched treatment by an average of 17.3% in 2017 and 21.8% in 2018, but it had no effect in the no-mulch treatment. In senescent leaves, mulching significantly increased N concentration by an average of 3.9% and P concentration by an average of 16.7%, but it had no significant effect on K concentration over two years, while P fertilization significantly decreased N and K concentrations over two years by an average of 7.5%, and 32.8%, respectively. P fertilization significantly increased senesced P concentration by an average of 11.9% in 2017 and 17.5% in 2018; and year × mulching × P fertilization had a significant interaction on senesced leaf P concentration. For resorption efficiency, mulching decreased P resorption efficiency by an average of 3.0%, but it had no impact on N or K resorption efficiency, while P fertilization increased the N, P, and K resorption efficiencies in alfalfa by an average of 6.8%, 6.2%, and 76.4% over two years, respectively. Interactive effects of mulching and P fertilization were found on P and K resorption efficiencies over time. In addition, N and K resorption efficiencies were significantly higher in 2018 than in 2017. The application of P fertilizer without mulching resulted in positive correlations between forage yield and N, P, and K resorption efficiencies, but no correlations were observed under film mulch. That is, mulching changed the relationship between forage yield and N, P, and K resorption efficiencies in alfalfa, suggesting that N, P, and K resorption efficiencies may not be related to high yield. Our results provide new insights into the role of nutrient resorption in alfalfa in response to increasing soil water and P availability and the relationship between resorption efficiency and forage yield, which will help us to improve alfalfa yield in semi-arid regions.

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THE GROWTH OF THE VENTRAL AND DORSOLATERAL PROSTATE, THE COAGULATING GLANDS AND THE SEMINAL VESICLES IN FORCE-FED HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED CASTRATED ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS INJECTED WITH CORTISONE AND/OR INSULIN

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0710179 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 179-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lars-Eric Tisell ◽

Lennart Angervall

Keyword(s):

Histological Examination ◽

Anterior Pituitary ◽

Adrenal Glands ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Seminal Vesicles ◽

The Other ◽

Protamine Zinc Insulin ◽

Adrenalectomized Rats ◽

Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT The growth of the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles was studied in force-fed hypophysectomized castrated adrenalectomized rats following daily injections for fourteen days of protamine zinc insulin or cortisone acetate alone or in combination. Cortisone was given in daily doses of 3 mg and insulin was administered in increasing daily doses of protamine zinc insulin up to 8 IU. Cortisone alone induced slight histological stimulation of the epithelium of the coagulating glands, while no stimulation was demonstrated in the other accessory reproductive organs. After insulin alone the weight of the accessory reproductive organs was slightly increased but no stimulation was demonstrated histologically. Cortisone and insulin given in combination induced distinct signs of stimulation of all the accessory reproductive organs as assesed by histological examination and weight determination of the organs. The results indicate that in the rat the growth stimulating effect of cortisone on the male accessory reproductive organs is markedly decreased or abolished in the absence of the anterior pituitary. Insulin can act synergistically with cortisone in promoting the growth of the accessory reproductive organs through effects which are not dependent on the presence of the adrenal glands or the anterior pituitary.

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Exudation of organic acid anions by tropical grasses in response to low phosphorus availability

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-73398-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danilo Silva Almeida ◽

Lucas Benes Delai ◽

Alexandra Christine Helena Franklan Sawaya ◽

Ciro Antonio Rosolem

Keyword(s):

Organic Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Root Surface ◽

P Uptake ◽

P Availability ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Shoot:Root Ratio ◽

Low Phosphorus ◽

Guinea Grass

Abstract It has been suggested that some tropical grasses can acquire phosphorus (P) from hematite and gypsite by exuding organic acid anions (OAs). However, it remains to be determined exactly which OAs could be involved in each case. The objective of this study was to verify the exudation OAs by ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis), palisade grass (U. brizantha), and Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) as a response to P deficiency. The grasses were grown in leachate columns with adequate and deficient P nutrient solutions. The concentration of OAs in the leacheate and root surface, as well as shoot and root dry matter, and P uptake were determined. Citrate, isocitrate, and malate concentration in leachates and root surfaces increased with P starvation, mainly for the Urochloa grasses. Oxalate exudation was similar for the grasses under adequate P supply, but was lower in Guinea grass under P starvation. Palisade grass showed a higher concentration of total OAs in the root surface than the other species due to a great production of oxalate and isocitrate. Palisade grass showed greater dry matter yields regardless of P deficiency, and Guinea grass always had the higher shoot:root ratio. Urochloa grasses have a higher capacity to cope with low P availability by exuding OAs along with a lower shoot:root ratio than Guinea grass.

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Phosphorus fractionation in grasses with different resource-acquisition characteristics in natural grasslands of South America

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467419000166 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 203-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anderson Cesar Ramos Marques ◽

Rogério Piccin ◽

Tales Tiecher ◽

Leandro Bittencourt de Oliveira ◽

João Kaminski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Phosphorus Fractionation ◽

Paspalum Notatum ◽

Chemical Fractionation ◽

P Availability ◽

Inorganic P ◽

Nutrient Demand ◽

Natural Grasslands ◽

Low Phosphorus ◽

Total P

AbstractThe natural grasslands in South America have soils with low phosphorus (P) availability (1.0 to 7.5 mg kg−1), possibly altering the absorption and accumulation of P in grasses. We evaluated the chemical fractionation of P in the leaves of the most important grasses present in these grasslands to better understand the mechanisms involved in the storage of P. The grasses studied were Axonopus affinis and Paspalum notatum (fast tissue cycling and high nutrient demand) and Andropogon lateralis and Aristida laevis (slow tissue cycling and low nutrient demand). They were grown in pots filled with an Ultisol with two levels of P: control, and addition of 50 mg P kg–1. The main P fractions were the inorganic soluble (44%) and P in RNA (26%). Addition of P increased the total P concentration, following the order A. affinis (140%) > P. notatum (116%) > A. lateralis (81%) > A. laevis (21%). In conclusion, the species A. affinis and P. notatum responded to P fertilization with high variation and accumulating P in less-structural chemical forms, such as inorganic P. The species A. lateralis and A. laevis showed low variation in the concentration of P forms, with higher P concentrations in structural forms.

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The effect of point application of fertilizerson the soil environment of spread line windrows in the Krušné hory Mts

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/66/2009-jfs ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 195-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. Vavříček ◽

J. Pecháček ◽

P. Jonák ◽

P. Samec

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

The Other ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Growth Environment ◽

Soil P ◽

Humus Substances ◽

Top Soil ◽

Low Phosphorus

The plateau of the Kru&scaron;né hory Mts. belongs to areas that suffered the greatest damage caused by air-pollution stresses in Europe. A part of cultural practices aimed at the reconstruction of local mountain forests was the inconsiderate use of bulldozer technologies for the preparation of sites for forest stand restoration. In the course of large-scale scarification the top-soil horizons were moved into line windrows, which caused marked degradation of the soil environment. The present revitalization of the soil environment is based on the principle of spreading these man-made windrows. Experimental plots were established in localities affected by scarification; the organomineral material from windrows was superimposed on them and subsequently they were reforested with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). In 2005 the point application of fertilizer tablets of Silvamix type in three treatments and calcic dolomite was performed into the rhizosphere of plants. Before fertilization and after three years of the experiment soil samples were taken from the organomineral zone of the root balls of plants, and the condition of the soil environment on spread windrows and changes in pedochemical properties as a result of applied fertilization were evaluated. Three years after the windrow spreading the content of the majority of soil macrobiogenic elements (N, K, Ca, Mg) is at the level of medium-high to high reserves, and only the low phosphorus reserves pose a certain hazard. The organomineral substrate of spread windrows is a suitable growth environment for the root systems of target tree species. The proportion of humus substances is the most important factor in spread windrows from which the characteristics of the other parameters of soil are derived. Along with the higher proportion of humus substances in &Scaron;pičák locality significantly higher reserves of major macrobiogenic elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were determined. The applied fertilizers of Silvamix type significantly increased the reserves of soil P, K, Ca, Mg and are a suitable means for the stimulation of spruce plantations in the restored environment of the Kru&scaron;né hory Mts. Silvamix Forte fertilizer tablets are the most complex fertilizer with the most balanced effects that significantly increases the reserves of soil P, Mg and K. This fertilizer has a high effect on an increase in the reserves of soil phosphorus that may be deficient in conditions of spread windrows. Silvamix R is the most efficient fertilizer to increase potassium reserves. A positive effect of calcic dolomite on an increase in Ca and Mg content was observed while no such effect on the other elements was recorded.  

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