The Use of Potassium Chloride and Tapioca Starch to Enhance the Flavour and Texture of Phosphate- and Sodium-Reduced Low Fat Breakfast Sausages Manufactured Using High Pressure-Treated Meat

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of potassium chloride (KCl) and tapioca starch (TS) to reduce salt levels below 1.5% in sausages manufactured using previously high pressure (HP) processed pork (150 MPa). A 3 × 2 × 1 factorial design was used to formulate breakfast sausages with three salt levels (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%), two ingredient levels (no added ingredient or added as a combination of KCl\TS), and one pressure level (150 MPa). Partial replacement of NaCl with KCl and addition of TS had beneficial effects on the water binding abilities of sausage batters by decreasing (p < 0.05) total expressible fluid (%) and increasing water holding capacity (%). Overall, results indicated that the use of KCl\TS imparted some beneficial effects to salt-reduced low fat breakfast sausages and has the potential to reduce salt levels in the breakfast sausages to 1.0% while still maintaining the organoleptic and functional properties traditionally associated with these meat products.

Processing and Characterisation of Charcoal Briquettes Made from Waste Rice Straw as A Renewable Energy Alternative

In Malaysia, waste paddy plant after rice harvesting were abundant and have no commercial value and significant usage. This paddy waste is commonly burnt on the landfilled which cause open firing and leads to environmental problem. This study determines the potential of rice straw waste for charcoal briquette production and study the effect of using different binders (corn and tapioca starch) in making the briquettes. Raw rice straws were combusted at 260°C for 4 hours in oven to form char powder. Corn starch and tapioca starch used as binder and each of them was mixed with char powder before compacted into briquettes. Each briquette was characterized in terms of their bulk density, moisture content, ash content, compressive strength and flammable characteristics. It was found that corn starch-charcoal briquette showed higher ash content, higher bulk density and compressive strength up to 68 MPa. Increased of both binders has increased the bulk density and compressive strength of briquettes. Both type of charcoal briquettes showed similar ignition time and burning characteristic, approximately at 18 minutes and 0.08 gm/min respectively.

Use of biopolybag from tapioca starch and sawdust waste

One alternative to overcome the weakness of polybags, namely creating plastic waste, is the use of biodegradable polybags (biopolybags) that are easily degraded so that they can be planted directly without having to be opened and disposed of. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comparison between tapioca starch and sawdust pulp on mechanical properties, plant height and diameter growth, and soil chemical properties. The analysis used in this research is a tensile test using ASTM D638 2005 standard, elongation (elongation at break), elasticity (young’s modulus), and water absorption using SNI. The comparison of tapioca starch and sawdust pulp had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the tensile strength and elongation tests, and had no significant effect on the elasticity.

Characteristics of wood pellets from over-dry sawdust waste

Wood pellets are renewable fuels from biomass which can be an alternative substitute for petroleum fuels. One of the raw materials for making wood pellets is sawdust from the sawmill industry or other wood craftsmen. Sawdust waste that dumped for a long time will reduce its moisture content (over-dry) and will be difficult to form into pellets. In this paper, we studied the effect of adding liquid solution ie. water, tapioca starch solution, pure molasses solution and dilute molasses solution on over-dry sawdust to the characteristic properties of wood pellet torrefaction. The sawdust material was collected from the wood sawmill in the Bogor District. There were five treatments i.e sawdust (control), sawdust + 10% water, sawdust + 10% tapioca starch solution, sawdust + 10% pure molasses solution, sawdust + 10% diluted molasses solution. The wood pellet torrefaction properties were investigated using a manual hot press at the temperature of 210°C. The results showed that the addition of pure molasses solution produced better pellets than other treatments, with properties i.e water content of 2.65%, the ash content of 1.45%, volatile matter 76.72%, fixed carbon 19.18%, the calorific value of 19.56 MJkg−1, density 0.84 gcm−3, and compressive strength 52.22 kgcm−2.

The effect of raw material composition of mixed carbonized canary shell and coal bio briquettes on caloric value

The fuel consumption rate rises and is expected to increase continuously, causing fuel supplies to be depleted and this condition forces the community to find alternative sources of fuel such as bio-briquettes. The waste of canary shells is widespread in Indonesia and can be used as an alternative energy source of bio-briquette making. There is a need for study on the influence of raw materials bio-briquette mixture of coal and canary shells against the value of calories produced. Bio-briquette making in this study have been done using canary shell and coal with a composition: (250 gr coal/canary shell: 12.5 tapioca starch: 50 ml water). Before briquette making, the canary shell samples are pirolysed and a grain-size reduction is performed on both of coal and canary shells. Canary shell and coal bio-briquettes are made with four variations (types). The types of bio briquette are: type I of bio-briquette with a composition of 250 gr (coal) + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). Type II of bio-briquette with a composition of 250 gr (canary shell) + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). Type III of bio-briquette with a composition of 62.5 gr canary shell + 62.5 gr coal + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). Bio-briquette type IV consist of 93.75 gr (canary shell) + 31.25 (coal) + 12.5 gr (tapioca starch) + 50 ml (water). After preparation, all bio briquettes are analyzed to determine the caloric value. The results of the study shows bio-briquette type I has a caloric value of 5,539 kcal/g, bio-briquette type II produces the highest calorie value of 6,354 kcal/g, and bio-briquette type III is 6,020 kcal/g. Further more bio-briquette Type IV indicate caloric value of 6,096 kcal/g. Bio-briquette type IV is the most recommended in the utilization because of the goal of this study is to use canary shell as an alternative fuel.

Properties of Ozone-Oxidized Tapioca Starch and its Use in Coating of Fried Peanuts

Oxidation of tapioca via ozone oxidation was carried out under different conditions in comparison with H2O2. The impact of ozonation on physicochemical properties of tapioca was studied and fried peanuts coated with different tapioca were characterized. Different ozone oxidation times (10, 20, and 30 min) and various pH values (5, 7, and 9) were used for tapioca modification. Tapioca oxidized by ozone for 20 min at pH 7 had higher swelling power (SP), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and viscosity than the native counterpart (P < 0.05). This coincided with the higher carbonyl and carboxyl contents (P < 0.05). The highest frying expansion (FE) with the lowest hardness was attained for fried peanut coated with tapioca oxidized under the aforementioned condition. Therefore, oxidation of tapioca using ozone under optimal conditions could be a potential means to improve frying expansion as well as the crispiness of the fried coated peanuts.

Properties of Particleboard from Oil Palm Biomasses Bonded with Citric Acid and Tapioca Starch

The study investigated the effects of the addition of starch on the properties of oil palm biomass particleboard bonded with citric acid. Three kinds of oil palm biomasses were used in this study for the fabrication of particleboard, namely, oil palm frond (OPF), oil palm trunk (OPT), and empty fruit bunch (EFB) particles. Citric acid and tapioca starch at the mixing ratios of 100:0, 87.5:12.5, and 75:25 were prepared at a 60% solid content. A 30% resin content based on the oven-dried weight of the oil palm biomass particles was used. The sprayed particles were pre-dried at 80 °C for 12 h before being hot-pressed at 180 °C and 4 MPa pressure for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard were evaluated. The mixtures of citric acid and tapioca starch were characterized by FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Changes in peak intensity could be observed, and the thermal stability of citric acid was reduced after the addition of tapioca starch. The addition of 12.5% tapioca starch improved the bending strength of the particleboard but increased the thickness swelling slightly. All UF-bonded particleboard exhibited significantly inferior performance than that of citric-acid-bonded particleboard. Citric-acid-bonded particleboard maintained its original shape after being subjected to a cyclic-aging treatment, while the UF-bonded particleboard disintegrated half way through the treatment. The performance of EFB particleboard was significantly inferior to its OPT and OPF counterparts.