Clinical Signs, Clinicopathological Findings, Etiology, and Outcome Associated With Hemoptysis in Dogs: 36 Cases (1990–1999)

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan L. Bailiff ◽  
Carol R. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Initial Visit ◽  
Lung Lobe ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Clinicopathological Findings ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Hemoptysis, the expectoration of blood or bloody mucus from the respiratory tract at or below the larynx, was retrospectively evaluated in 36 dogs. Cough, tachypnea, and dyspnea were common historical and physical examination signs. Anemia was documented in 11 dogs, but was severe in only one dog. Other clinicopathological findings reflected the underlying diseases. All thoracic radiographs obtained were abnormal; alveolar and interstitial patterns were most common. Diseases predisposing to hemoptysis included bacterial bronchopneumonia (n=7), neoplasia (n=5), trauma (n=5), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (n=4), heartworm disease (n=4), rodenticide poisoning (n=3), lung-lobe torsion (n=1), left-sided congestive heart failure (n=1), pulmonary hypertension (n=1), and foreign-body pneumonia (n=1). Four additional dogs had more than one underlying disease process. Nine dogs were either euthanized or died in the hospital during the initial visit. While at least half of the 27 dogs discharged went on to completely recover, five dogs discharged were known to have either died or been euthanized as a result of their disease in <6 months.

Avascular necrosis

2013 ◽  
pp. 1266-1273
Author(s):  
Stefan Rehart ◽  
Martina Henniger
Keyword(s):  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Core Decompression ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Circulatory Disorder ◽  
Ischaemic Necrosis ◽  
Important Disease

Avascular necrosis (AVN) represents an important disease process of the cartilage-bone complex, which can occur at any age. According to aetiology one may discriminate between rare idiopathic avascular necroses and more common forms that occur as an effect of the underlying disease or rather the therapy, the secondary avascular necroses. Pathophysiologically it is assumed that a circulatory disorder leads to an ischaemic necrosis of bone, bone marrow, and adjunct cartilage. Sites of the human skeleton with predilection to AVN are the femoral head, humeral head, femoral condyle, proximal tibia, and ossicles of the foot and hand. Clinical signs are unspecific, but in the region of the load-bearing lower extremities pain occurs usually early. Plain radiographs, MRI, and sometimes also skeletal scintigraphy are used for diagnosis and staging. Usually 4-5 stages are distinguished; there are extra classification systems for individual entities. Spontaneous healing in terms of a return to normal without further damage can be found in small, circumscribed areas, but the bigger and the nearer the joint the more unlikely this is. Depending on region, stage of disease, age of the patient, concomitant diseases and cause, several conservative and surgical therapies may be applied. Conservative treatments include exoneration and relief of the extremity, physiotherapy, and if necessary medical treatment. The need for surgical intervention becomes more likely as AVN increases in size and gets closer to the joint. Surgical therapies include core decompression, revascularizing techniques, vascular bone transplant, corrective/transposition osteotomy, arthrodesis/joint reinforcement, or joint replacement.

Evaluation of renal biopsies in various kidney diseases with reference to staining

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
Kaushlendra Kumar Pandey ◽  
Wilma Delphine Silvia CR ◽  
Aparna Pandey ◽  
Asha Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Membranous Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Amyloid Deposits ◽  
Renal Biopsies ◽  
Staining Techniques

Renal diseases of different origin and nature may produce essentially similar disturbances of renal functions and may have clinical similarities and hence there was a need to classify renal diseases more scientifically. The basic approach was to correlate clinical signs and symptoms with histological changes in the tissue, using both simple and special staining techniques so as to reach to a definitive diagnosis.The present study was conducted on renal biopsy referred to pathology department. Criteria for successful biopsy were as follows-Adequate biopsy sample size, correct processing of specimen, informed interpretation and issue of an accurate report. A total of 29 renal biopsies were examined. In minimal change disease, only in 4 patients the glomerulus was sclerosed. Membranous glomerulonephritis comprised of the maximum number of cases (9/30). Total of 3 cases of renal biopsies revealed amyloidosis. Focal amyloid deposits with deposits either near the hilum or perivascular areas were found in 33.3% of cases, while extensive amyloid deposits were found in 33.3% of the cases.It is necessary to determine both the type of renal disease and the cause of the primary disorder in order to make the diagnosis and various staining techniques play a very helpful role. The likelihood that the biopsy specimen accurately reflects the type and severity of the underlying disease is directly related to both the diffuseness of the disease process and the amount of tissue examined.

scholarly journals Variable effects of underlying diseases on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254258
Author(s):  
Yong Jun Choi ◽  
Ju-Young Park ◽  
Hye Sun Lee ◽  
Jin Suh ◽  
Jeung Yoon Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Chronic Complications ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Underlying diseases might be risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19); however, we still do not know whether these diseases are independent factors affecting prognosis, which type of underlying diseases are risk factors, and which type of clinical outcomes are affected. We retrospectively reviewed cohort data from 7,590 de-identified patients with COVID-19 who were diagnosed using severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA polymerase chain reaction test up to May 15, 2020. We used linked-medical claims data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in South Korea. Underlying diseases were identified using the diagnostic codes in the patients’ files from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. The total mortality rate was 3.0% in patients with COVID-19. After adjusting for age, sex, and concomitant chronic conditions, we found that congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes without chronic complications, renal diseases, and malignancy were factors that significantly increased the cost of treatment. Cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, and paralysis were found to be independent factors significant in prolonging hospital stay. Diabetes with chronic complications was independently associated with intensive care unit admission. In addition, underlying congestive heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 1.724; P = 0.003), dementia (OR, 1.598; P = 0.012), diabetes with and without chronic complications (OR, 1.821; P = 0.002 and OR, 1.518; P = 0.022, respectively), renal disease (OR, 2.299; P = 0.002), and malignancy (OR, 1.529; P = 0.039) were significant factors associated with death, even after adjustments. Underlying diseases were significant independent factors of the poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. The effects were variable according to the type of underlying disease and clinical outcome. Therefore, patients with COVID-19 with underlying diseases should be monitored more closely because they are more at risk of a poor prognosis.

Autoimmune Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Autoantibody Production ◽  
Rheumatoid Nodules ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Lymphocytic Infiltrates ◽  
Insight Into

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was one of the first systemic disorders to be considered an autoimmune disease. Two major aspects of RA suggest a fundamental immune-mediated derangement in the disease: (1) presence of often massive lymphocytic infiltrates and activated CD4(+) T cells within the inflamed hypertrophied synovium, and (2) production of large amounts of rheumatoid factor (RF) by B-cells and plasma cells in the involved synovium itself. The actual tissue damage to joints and extra-articular structures affected by the disease comes from the rheumatoid inflammatory pannus or granulomatous collections of cells called rheumatoid nodules. RF production has long been studied as a prime example of apparent autoantibody production in association with the basic underlying disease process. RA patients who belong to subtype HLA DR4, Dw4 (DR B1 or 0401, Dw14 (0404/0408), or Dw15 (0405/0410) are most likely to be seropositive for RF and to have severe progressive disease. RFs are felt to represent an autoantibody associated with RA, since they show principal specificity for structures on the Cγ3 and C γ2 (Fc) domains of IgG. Recent work by our group has defined a number of solvent-exposed linear RF-reactive epitopes on Cγ3 and Cγ2 using a strategy of overlapping 7-mers of primary sequence. RFs also have been demonstrated to react with two different regions, SKDWSFY and LSQPKIVKWDR, on β2-microglobulin (β 2m). Many of the RF-reactive sites on Cγ2 and C γ3 as well as on β2m show common immunodominant valines, leucines, tryptophanes, arginines, lysines, and glutamines, thus comprising common reactive residues. In the future, this approach may provide more direct insight into the specificities of other autoantibodies.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension in a cat with restrictive cardiomyopathy – a case report

2018 ◽  
Vol XXIII (132) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Regina Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Pulmonary Thromboembolism ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Patent Ductus

Feline pulmonary arterial (PAH) is an unusual and minimally reported condition that can lead to right ventricular insufficiency and death. In cats, PAH was reported in cases in which it was secondary to heartworm disease, pulmonary thromboembolism and patent ductus arteriousus. This is a case report of an elderly domestic cat with medical history of dyspnea, fatigue and pleural effusion, which was diagnosed with restrictive cardiomyopathy and PAH upon echocardiography. The progression of restrictive cardiomyopathy can be silent due to the owners’ inability to recognize clinical signs of heart failure. In spite of the few reports in cats, it is reasonable that PAH be part of differential diagnosis on patients presenting signs of cardiopulmonary decompensation.

Recurrent pyoderma and its underlying primary diseases: a retrospective evaluation of 157 dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 (15) ◽  
pp. 434-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Seckerdieck ◽  
Ralf S Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Flea Infestation ◽  
Primary Disease ◽  
Underlying Diseases ◽  
Work Up

Bacterial pyoderma is common in small animal practice. Usually there is an associated underlying disease, but little is known about the prevalence of underlying diseases in dogs with recurrent pyoderma. The aim of this study was to analyse the frequency of the different underlying diseases in dogs with recurrent pyoderma. In total, 157 animals with recurrent pyoderma were identified in hospital records from 2008 to 2013 and the data analysed for primary diseases. The time between recurrences, the type of clinical signs and the age at pyoderma onset were also evaluated. At least one primary disease was found in 107 dogs. Allergies were the primary cause in 63 dogs, environmental allergy was the most frequent (n=45) and was often associated with other allergies, followed by hypothyroidism (n=12) and hyperadrenocorticism (n=6). Sixteen dogs with recurrent pyoderma suffered from demodicosis. In young dogs with recurrent pyoderma an allergy work-up combined with deep skin scrapings should lead to a diagnosis of the underlying disease in most of the cases. In dogs in which pyoderma began in middle or old age, hormonal testing and ruling out a possible flea infestation should be the first steps.

Therapeutic Management of Right Side Congestive Heart Failure in a Dachshund Bitch

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Talukdar ◽  
K. Sharma ◽  
H. Bayan ◽  
F. A. Ahmed ◽  
G. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mitral Valve Insufficiency ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Valve Insufficiency

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a term that refers to the heart’s inability to pump adequate blood to the body. There are many causes of CHF in dogs viz. mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) or a leaky mitral valve, dilated cardiomyopathy (Haggstrom, 2010) and chronic heartworm disease. Clinical signs vary depending on whether the dog has left- or right-sided heart failure. Right-sided congestive heart failure (RS-CHF) causes poor venous return to the heart, accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum leading to ascites. Fluid also leaks from the veins in the limbs, causing oedema of the peripheral region. In animals, Right-sided congestive heart failure (RS-CHF) has previously been described in dogs (McIntosh and McEntee, 1995), cats and also in ferret (Haggstrom, 2010). The reported canine cases were among young to middle-aged male dogs (Bull mastiff, Siberian husky and dachshund), with acute-onset congestive right-sided heart failure or syncope as the presenting complaints. The present case was diagnosed as right side heart failure in a six years old female Dachshund dog with pleural effusion

scholarly journals Exosomes from pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy patients modulate a pathological response in cardiomyocytes

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (4) ◽  
pp. H818-H826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Jiang ◽  
Juliana Sucharov ◽  
Brian L. Stauffer ◽  
Shelley D. Miyamoto ◽  
Carmen C. Sucharov
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Pathological Changes

Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and β-adrenergic receptors plays an important role in adult heart failure (HF). Despite the demonstrated benefits of RAAS inhibition and β-adrenergic receptor blockade in adult HF patients, no substantial improvement in survival rate has been observed in children with HF. This suggests that the underlying disease mechanism is uniquely regulated in pediatric HF. Here, we show that treatment of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) with serum from pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients induces pathological changes in gene expression, which occur independently of the RAAS and adrenergic systems, suggesting that serum circulating factors play an important role in cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, exosomes purified from DCM serum induced pathological changes in gene expression in NRVMs and iPSC-CMs. Our results suggest that DCM serum exosomes mediate pathological responses in cardiomyocytes and may propagate the pediatric HF disease process, representing a potential novel therapeutic target specific to this population. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this work could alter the present paradigm of basing clinical pediatric heart failure (HF) treatment on outcomes of adult HF clinical trials. The use of serum-treated primary cardiomyocytes may define age-specific mechanisms in pediatric HF with the potential to identify unique age-appropriate and disease-specific therapy. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/exosomes-in-pediatric-dilated-cardiomyopathy/ .

Drug-Induced Movement Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Amy Lustig ◽  
Cesar Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Extrapyramidal Symptoms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Broad Understanding ◽  
Underlying Disease Process

The purpose of this article is to present a general overview of the features of drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) comprised by Parkinsonism and extrapyramidal symptoms. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with patients presenting with these issues must have a broad understanding of the underlying disease process. This article will provide a brief introduction to the neuropathophysiology of DIMDs, a discussion of the associated symptomatology, the pharmacology implicated in causing DIMDs, and the medical management approaches currently in use.

scholarly journals Association between clinical respiratory signs, lung lesions detected by thoracic ultrasonography and growth performance in pre‐weaned dairy calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Cuevas-Gómez ◽  
Mark McGee ◽  
José María Sánchez ◽  
Edward O’Riordan ◽  
Nicky Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Lung Lesions ◽  
Lung Lobe ◽  
Lung Consolidation ◽  
Severe Lung

Abstract Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main cause of mortality among 1-to-5 month old calves in Ireland, accounting for approximately one-third of deaths. Despite widespread use of clinical respiratory signs for diagnosing BRD, lung lesions are detected, using thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) or following post-mortem, in calves showing no clinical signs. This highlights the limitation of clinical respiratory signs as a method of detecting sub-clinical BRD. Using 53 purchased artificially-reared male dairy calves, the objectives of this study were to: (i) characterise the BRD incidence detected by clinical respiratory signs and/or TUS, (ii) investigate the association between clinical respiratory signs and lung lesions detected by TUS, and (iii) assess the effect of BRD on pre-weaning growth. Results Clinical BRD (based on Wisconsin clinical respiratory score and/or rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC) was detected in 43 % and sonographic changes (lung lesions) were detected in 64 % of calves from purchase (23 (SD; 6.2) days of age) until weaning, 53 days post-arrival. Calves with clinical BRD were treated. Sixty-one per cent calves affected with clinical BRD had lung lesions 10.5 days (median) before detection of clinical signs. Moderate correlations (rsp 0.70; P < 0.05) were found between cough and severe lung lesions on arrival day, and between rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC and lung lesions ≥ 2 cm2 on day 7 (rsp 0.40; P < 0.05) post-arrival. Mean average daily live weight gain (ADG) of calves from purchase to weaning was 0.75 (SD; 0.10) kg; calves with or without clinical BRD did not differ in ADG (P > 0.05), whereas ADG of those with severe lung lesions (lung lobe completely consolidated or pulmonary emphysema) was 0.12 kg/d less (P < 0.05) than calves without lung lesions. Conclusions Thoracic ultrasonography detected lung consolidation in calves that did not show signs of respiratory disease. The presence of severe lung lesions was associated with reduced pre-weaning growth. These findings emphasise the importance of using TUS in addition to clinical respiratory scoring of calves for an early and accurate detection of clinical and sub-clinical BRD.

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