scholarly journals Mortality rate trend of meningitis by region of Brazil, between the year 2010 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elvira Freitas Martins ◽  
Eduardo Passos de Costa Souza ◽  
Laís Martins Queiroz ◽  
Otávio Augusto de Paula Mendes Teixeira ◽  
Lissa Carrilho Goulart
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
West Region ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Heterogeneous Variables

Background: Meningitis is an inflammatory process in the membranes that line the central nervous system (CNS). Objectives: To analyze the behavior of meningitis mortality rate by region of Brazil, between 2010 and 2019. Desing and setting: Analytical, observational and retrospective study. Deaths number from meningitis was recorded through the Mortality Information System (SIM) stratified by Brazilian region, and population data from IBGE. Methods: Mortality rate (MR) per 1 million inhabitants was calculated. MR trend in each region was provided by segmented linear regression. MR annual percentage changes (APCs) were adjusted with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: In this period, there were 10007 deaths from meningitis in Brazil. MR by region varied from 3.77 (North Region) to 6.03 (Southeast Region), while in Brazil it was 4.93. A decreasing trend is noticeable in Brazil MR (APC= -3.2; 95%CI= -3.9; -2.4). Central-West region had the largest drop (APC= - 4.1; 95%CI= - 7.9; -0.2), followed by Southeast. In contrast, South and North regions had stationary trend and Northeast had a double behavior: decreasing from 2010 to 2015 (APC= -7.7; 95%CI= -11.7; -3.5) and stationary from 2015 to 2019. Conclusions: Despite the country decreasing trend, these results are heterogeneous. Variables such as vaccination coverage, population adherence and socioeconomic status can influence meningitis MR trends. Thus, it is understood the need for programs aimed at disease treatment and prevention to reduce regional inequalities and meningitis mortality.

scholarly journals Chronic Pain in Inflammatory Arthritis: Mechanisms, Metrology, and Emerging Targets—A Focus on the JAK-STAT Pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fausto Salaffi ◽  
Giovanni Giacobazzi ◽  
Marco Di Carlo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Arthritis ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Pain Processing ◽  
Central Pain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Central Pain Processing ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Stat Pathway

Chronic pain is nowadays considered not only the mainstay symptom of rheumatic diseases but also “a disease itself.” Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon, and in inflammatory arthritis, it derives from multiple mechanisms, involving both synovitis (release of a great number of cytokines) and peripheral and central pain-processing mechanisms (sensitization). In the last years, the JAK-STAT pathway has been recognized as a pivotal component both in the inflammatory process and in pain amplification in the central nervous system. This paper provides a summary on pain in inflammatory arthritis, from pathogenesis to clinimetric instruments and treatment, with a focus on the JAK-STAT pathway.

Diabetes mellitus and the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
E V Surkova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Relationship Of

The review considers the current views on the central nervous system (CNS) in diabetes mellitus (DM). It discusses an attitude towards the term «diabetic encephalopathy». The data of investigations of cognitive functions in types 1 and 2 DM and the brain structural imaging results obtained using up-to-date technologies are considered. The results of studies of the factors that induce cerebral changes in DM and their associated cognitive impairments are given. There is evidence that hyperglycemia has a more considerable impact on the above processes than hypoglycemia; other possible factors, apart from blood glucose control, are set out. The current views on the function of insulin in the CNS and the relationship of central insulin resistance to Alzheimer’s disease are outlined. There are current data on intranasal insulin application that is still exploratory, but, as might be judged from the findings, may by a promising method for the treatment and prevention of cognitive decline in both patients with DM and those without this condition.

scholarly journals Inflammation markers in the saliva of infants born from Zika-infected mothers: exploring potential mechanisms of microcephaly during fetal development

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo N. de Oliveira ◽  
Estela O. Lima ◽  
Carlos F. O. R. Melo ◽  
Jeany Delafiori ◽  
Tatiane M. Guerreiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammation Markers ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Congenital Zika Syndrome ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as one of the most medically relevant viral infections of the past decades; the devastating effects of this virus over the developing brain are a major matter of concern during pregnancy. Although the connection with congenital malformations are well documented, the mechanisms by which ZIKV reach the central nervous system (CNS) and the causes of impaired cortical growth in affected fetuses need to be better addressed. We performed a non-invasive, metabolomics-based screening of saliva from infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), born from mothers that were infected with ZIKV during pregnancy. We were able to identify three biomarkers that suggest that this population suffered from an important inflammatory process; with the detection of mediators associated with glial activation, we propose that microcephaly is a product of immune response to the virus, as well as excitotoxicity mechanisms, which remain ongoing even after birth.

Surgical treatment for fungal infections in the central nervous system

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Young ◽  
George Gade ◽  
Verity Grinnell
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Surgical Therapy ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

✓ The hospital records of 78 patients who underwent surgical therapy for fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) between 1964 and 1984 are summarized. Nine different fungal types were identified, but Coccidioides immitis and Cryptococcus neoformans accounted for most (67.1%) of the infections. A variety of clinical syndromes were seen, including chronic basal meningitis (45 patients), intracranial mass lesions (12 patients), and communicating hydrocephalus (six patients). Thirteen patients had rhinocerebral forms of fungal infection, and two presented with spinal involvement. Delays in diagnosis were frequent and ranged from 2 months to 11 years. In 31 patients the CNS lesion was the first indication of a fungal infection, and lesion biopsy or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination confirmed the diagnosis. A total of 144 surgical procedures were carried out, including lesion biopsy or excision in 13 patients, primary CSF shunting in 22, and placement of an Ommaya reservoir for administration of intraventricular or intracisternal antifungal agents in 48. All patients received parenteral and, in some cases, intrathecal or oral antifungal chemotherapy in addition to surgical therapy. Overall mortality was 43.6% (34 deaths). With prompt diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate was 39% whereas, when appropriate treatment was delayed, the mortality rate was 64%. An additional 14 surviving patients (17.9%) exhibited permanent morbidity due to neurological deficits, seizure disorders, or renal toxicity following treatment with amphotericin B. The combined mortality and morbidity rate was 62.8%. Clinical symptoms were resolved completely in 29 patients, although in 10 evidence of disease persisted and chemotherapy was continued. Fungal infections of the CNS are being recognized with increased frequency. It is suggested that a high index of suspicion, aggressive attempts to obtain a diagnosis, and early and vigorous therapy may reduce the unfortunate outcome seen in a relatively high proportion of patients with CNS fungal infections.

The practical value of the method of indirect X-ray therapy for certain skin diseases

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 849-852
Author(s):  
F. C. Epstein ◽  
V. O. Lushchitsky
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Works

The mechanism of action of X-ray irradiation on the course of certain skin diseases, especially those whose etiology is unknown, is not yet entirely clear. There is no doubt that the autonomic nervous system, functionally and anatomically connected both with the central nervous system and with all organs and tissues, and in particular with the skin (its vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands), has an effect on all functions of the skin, its trophism and course inflammatory processes. Although the details of this effect on the inflammatory process have not been clarified and are still very contradictory, nevertheless a number of experimental works of old and recent times indicate an intimate dependence of the inflammatory process in the skin on the nervous system (Spiess, Thomas, Luvis, Speransky, Greenstein, Alperin and others).

Comorbid HIV Encephalopathy and Cocaine Use as a Risk Factor for New-onset Seizure Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Kenedi ◽  
Karen E. Joynt ◽  
Harold W. Goforth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Onset Seizure ◽  
Seizure Disorders ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Special Risk ◽  
New Onset

ABSTRACTPatients living with human immunodeficiency virus represent a growing population, and an increased number of central nervous system presentations can be expected over the next decade. Emerging data suggests that both HIV-seropositive patients and cocaine-abusing patients may be at special risk of seizure phenomena. This case report discusses the risks of new-onset seizure activity when these two risk factors converge, which is a common occurrence in this population. Data from the fields of neuroanatomy and neurovirology are presented to explain the heightened risk of this patient population and provide the practitioner with an improved understanding of the central nervous system complexities in HIV.

scholarly journals CBS-Induced H2S Generation in Hippocampus Inhibits EA-Induced Analgesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Wen-Jing Ren ◽  
Jia Fu ◽  
Hai-Yan Yin ◽  
Neng-Gui Xu ◽  
Chun-Zhi Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Allosteric Activator

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important mediator participating in both physiological and pathological systems and related to the inflammatory process. Acupuncture has a therapeutic effect on inflammatory pain. However, whether H2S generated in the central nervous system (CNS) is a mediator of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment for inflammatory pain is unknown. We injected complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) to induce inflammatory pain and applied EA treatment as an interventional strategy for pain relief. The results presented here show that S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), an allosteric activator of cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS), may reverse the therapeutic effect of EA. CBS-induced H2S generation might get involved in the mechanism of EA-induced analgesia in the hippocampus on chronic inflammatory pain.

scholarly journals The Diagnosis, Clinical Course, Treatment, and Prevention of the Rabies Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaida Hopkins ◽  
Samantha Sweck ◽  
Sean Richards
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Therapy Success

Rabies, despite available vaccines, causes approximately 55,000 deaths every year. Diagnosing relies on noting physical behaviors such as hydrophobia, vomiting, fever, behavior changes, paralysis, and consciousness, as well as, using several methodologies to molecularly detect the presence of the virus. RABV often enters through a bite wound given that it is transmissible through saliva. Infection spreads from muscle fibers into the peripheral nervous system traveling to the central nervous system. Infection of the central nervous system can lead to encephalitis (furious rabies) or acute flaccid paralysis (paralytic rabies). Treatment relies heavily on the time of exposure. If the patient is diagnosed prior to being symptomatic, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be administered. However, once the patient has begun displaying symptoms, therapy success rates sharply decline. Prevention includes vaccinating during both pre- and post-exposures, as well as utilizing Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE) to aid impoverished countries in declining their rabies mortality rates.

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