A Study on the Adolescent Growth Spurt of Skinfold, Muscle and Bone Variables Aligned on Peak Height Velocity in Boys and Girls

The prediction of the timing of the pubertal growth spurt could be helpful in planning some types of orthodontic treatment. It has been suggested that information from hand—wrist radiographs could be used for this purpose. Insufficient attention has been paid to the distinction between ossification events and bone stages. In the present paper it is shown that the uncertainty of prediction of the timing of the peak height Velocity from ossification events in the hand and wrist, is generally large and so they are of limited value for this purpose.

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Genetic and environmental determination of tracking in static strength during adolescence

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 1317-1326 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Maarten W. Peeters ◽

Martine A. Thomis ◽

Hermine H. M. Maes ◽

Gaston P. Beunen ◽

Ruth J. F. Loos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Peak Height ◽

Static Strength ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Measurement Occasion

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the observed phenotypic stability in static strength during adolescence, as measured by interage correlations in arm pull, is mainly caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. Subjects were from the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study ( n = 105 pairs, equally divided over 5 zygosity groups). Arm-pull data were aligned on age at peak height velocity to attenuate the temporal fluctuations in interage correlations caused by differences in timing of the adolescent growth spurt. Developmental genetic models were fitted using structural equation modeling. After the data were aligned on age at peak height velocity, the annual interage correlations conformed to a quasi-simplex structure over a 4-yr interval. The best-fitting models included additive genetic and unique environmental sources of variation. Additive genetic factors that already explained a significant amount of variation at previous measurement occasions explained 44.3 and 22.5% of the total variation at the last measurement occasion in boys and girls, respectively. Corresponding values for unique environmental sources of variance are 31.2 and 44.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the observed stability of static strength during adolescence is caused by both stable genetic influences and stable unique environmental influences in boys and girls. Additive genetic factors seem to be the most important source of stability in boys, whereas unique environmental factors appear to be more predominant in girls.

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Secular trend of the skeletal maturation in relation to peak height velocity–a comparison between two groups of children born 1969-1973 and 1996-2000

European Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1093/ejo/cjz098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 612-618

Author(s):

Louise Miltenburg Caspersen ◽

Liselotte Sonnesen

Keyword(s):

Secular Trend ◽

Peak Height ◽

Individual Growth ◽

Skeletal Maturation ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Early Event ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Maturation Stages

Summary Background/Objectives The aims were to study the presence of a secular trend in (a) age at peak height velocity (PHV), (b) velocity at PHV, and (c) duration of skeletal maturation in relation to PHV. Material/Method Two groups of children: 100 children (63 boys, 37 girls) born between 1969–1973 and 71 children (49 boys, 22 girls) born between 1996 and 2000, were compared. Age and velocity at PHV were measured on individual growth velocity curves. Skeletal maturation stages were assessed on hand-wrist radiographs, and duration from the skeletal maturation stages to PHV was determined. Results Age at PHV occurred significantly earlier (0.47 years, CI 95% 0.19–0.76, P < 0.001), and velocity at PHV was significantly higher (0.68 cm/year, CI 95% 1.47–2.06, P < 0.003) in children born 1996–2000 compared to 1969–1973. No significant difference in duration of skeletal maturation was seen between the groups. Skeletal maturation stages occurred significantly in the following order before PHV for both genders: PP2= 2.18 years (P = 0.002), MP3= 1.60 year (P = 0.008), S 1.07 year (P = 0.003), and MP3cap 0.38 year (P = 0.037). Limitations Most radiographs were taken before PHV, the duration thus mainly reflects the early event of pubertal growth spurt. Conclusion A secular trend was evident: significantly decreased age at PHV and significantly increased velocity at PHV. No evidence of a secular trend regarding duration of the skeletal maturation in relation to PHV was found. Due to the declining age at PHV, the skeletal maturation stages occurred earlier in relation to chronological age.

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Estimation of Pubertal Growth Spurt Parameters in Children and Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitude in Colombia

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.718292 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Antonio Cossio-Bolaños ◽

Ruben Vidal-Espinoza ◽

Juan Minango-Negrete ◽

Pedro R. Olivares ◽

Luis Urzua-Alul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Final Height ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Moderate Altitude ◽

Biological Parameters ◽

Pubertal Growth Spurt ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Pubertal Growth

ObjectiveKnowledge of the biological parameters of pubertal growth spurt allows verification of secular changes and exploration of the timing of puberty. The aim of the study was to estimate final height, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) in children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Colombia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was designed in 2.295 schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) with an age range from 5.0 to 18.9 years. Height (cm) was assessed. Preece–Baines model 1 (1PB) was used to make inferences about mathematical and biological parameters.ResultsThe five mathematical parameters estimated in general have reflected quality in the fit to the model, reflecting a small residual error. Final height was reached in boys at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm and in girls at 157.9 ± 0.2 cm. APHV was estimated at 12.71 ± 0.1 years in boys and 10.4 ± 0.2 years in girls. Girls reached APHV 2.2 years earlier than boys. In relation to PHV (cm/y), boys reached higher growth speed in height (7.4 ± 0.4 cm/y), and in girls it was (7.0 ± 0.2 cm/y).ConclusionIt was determined that final height was reached at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm in boys and 157.9 ± 0.2 cm in girls, and APHV (years) and PHV (cm/ye) were reached relatively early and with average peak velocity similar to Asian and Western populations. A large-scale longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.

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Prepubertal Glucocorticoid Status and Pubertal Timing

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2010-2935 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 96 (6) ◽

pp. E891-E898 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Lijie Shi ◽

Stefan A. Wudy ◽

Anette E. Buyken ◽

Christiane Maser-Gluth ◽

Michaela F. Hartmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pubertal Timing ◽

Tanner Stage ◽

Peak Height ◽

Pubic Hair ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Pubertal Growth Spurt ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Adrenal Androgen ◽

Pubertal Growth

Context: Whether prepubertal glucocorticoid status impacts on the timing of puberty is not clear. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between prepubertal glucocorticoid status and early or late pubertal markers, independent of adrenarchal and nutritional status. Design and Participants: Prospective cohort study of healthy Caucasian children (n = 111, 56 boys) who provided both 24-h urine samples and weighed dietary records 1 and 2 yr before the start of pubertal growth spurt [age at take-off (ATO)]. Measurements: Major urinary glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were summed to assess daily overall cortisol (ΣC21) and adrenal androgen secretion; urinary free cortisol and cortisone measured by RIA were summed (UFF+UFE) as an indicator of potentially bioactive free glucocorticoids. Main Outcomes: The main outcomes included ATO, age at peak height velocity, age at menarche/voice break, ages at Tanner stage 2 for breast (girls) and genital (boys) development, and pubic hair. Results: In girls ΣC21, but not UFF+UFE, was associated with pubertal markers after adjusting for overall adrenal androgen, urinary nitrogen, and body fat. Girls with higher ΣC21 (fourth quartile) reached ATO 0.7 yr (P = 0.01) and menarche 0.9 yr later (P = 0.006) than girls with lower ΣC21 (first quartile). The ΣC21 tended to be also positively associated with age at Tanner stage 2 for breast (P = 0.1), Tanner stage 2 for pubic hair (P = 0.1), and age at peak height velocity (P = 0.06). In boys, neither the ΣC21 nor UFF+UFE was related to pubertal timing. Conclusion: An individually higher prepubertal glucocorticoid secretion level, even in physiological range, appears to delay early and late pubertal timing of healthy girls, particularly their onset of pubertal growth spurt and menarche.

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Using SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation) to estimate age at peak height velocity in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14708.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 90 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Monika Frysz ◽

Laura D. Howe ◽

Jonathan H. Tobias ◽

Lavinia Paternoster

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Pubertal Timing ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Parents And Children ◽

The Impact ◽

Avon Longitudinal Study

Puberty is a time of substantial biological and psychological changes. One of the hallmarks of puberty is a rapid growth spurt, however its timing varies between individuals. The impact of pubertal timing on later health outcomes has been of interest in life course epidemiology, however its measurement can be challenging. Age at peak height velocity (aPHV) offers an objective measure of pubertal timing without having to rely on physical examination or self-report. We describe the derivation of aPHV estimates in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) offspring, using Superimposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) mixed effects growth curve analysis. ALSPAC is a rich source of phenotypic and genotypic data and given the importance of pubertal timing for later health outcomes, these data offer an opportunity to explore the determinants and consequences of aPHV.

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Assessment of biological maturation

10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Robert M Malina

Keyword(s):

Adult Height ◽

Peak Height ◽

Skeletal Age ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Growth Status ◽

Non Invasive

The processes of growth and maturation occur concurrently and are related. Chapter 1 discusses indicators of growth status and rate followed by a description of methods for assessment of maturity status and timing. Status refers to the state of maturation at the time of observation. Skeletal age and stages of puberty indicate status. Timing refers to the chronological age at which specific maturational events occur. Ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and at menarche are used most often. Skeletal age is applicable from childhood through adolescence; other indicators of status and timing are limited to the interval of puberty and the growth spurt. Increasingly used non-invasive indicators of maturation include percentage of predicted adult height attained at the time of observation (status) and predicted maturity offset or time before age at PHV (timing). Both have limitations and require further validation.

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Using SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation) to estimate age at peak height velocity in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14708.2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 90 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Monika Frysz ◽

Laura D. Howe ◽

Jonathan H. Tobias ◽

Lavinia Paternoster

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Pubertal Timing ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Parents And Children ◽

The Impact ◽

Avon Longitudinal Study

Puberty is a time of substantial biological and psychological changes. One of the hallmarks of puberty is a rapid growth spurt, however its timing varies between individuals. The impact of pubertal timing on later health outcomes has been of interest in life course epidemiology, however its measurement can be challenging. Age at peak height velocity (aPHV) offers an objective measure of pubertal timing without having to rely on physical examination or self-report. We describe the derivation of aPHV estimates in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) offspring, using Superimposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) mixed effects growth curve analysis. ALSPAC is a rich source of phenotypic and genotypic data and given the importance of pubertal timing for later health outcomes, these data offer an opportunity to explore the determinants and consequences of aPHV.

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Breakfast: A Crucial Meal for Adolescents’ Cognitive Performance According to Their Nutritional Status. The Cogni-Action Project

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1320

Author(s):

Humberto Peña-Jorquera ◽

Valentina Campos-Núñez ◽

Kabir P. Sadarangani ◽

Gerson Ferrari ◽

Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Cognitive Demand ◽

Positive Association ◽

Peak Height ◽

The Body ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

High Quality ◽

Action Project

This study aimed to determine whether pupils who have breakfast just before a cognitive demand, do not regularly skip breakfast, and consume a high-quality breakfast present higher cognitive performance than those who do not; furthermore, to establish differences according to their nutritional status. In this study, 1181 Chilean adolescents aged 10–14 years participated. A global cognitive score was computed through eight tasks, and the body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated using a growth reference for school-aged adolescents. The characteristics of breakfast were self-reported. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine differences in cognitive performance according to BMIz groups adjusted to sex, peak height velocity, physical fitness global score, and their schools. A positive association was found in adolescents’ cognitive performance when they had breakfast just before cognitive tasks, did not regularly skip breakfast, presented at least two breakfast quality components, and included dairy products. No significant differences were found between breakfast components, including cereal/bread and fruits/fruit juice. Finally, pupils who were overweight/obese who declared that they skipped breakfast regularly presented a lower cognitive performance than their normal-BMIz peers. These findings suggest that adolescents who have breakfast just prior to a cognitive demand and regularly have a high quality breakfast have better cognitive performance than those who do not. Educative nutritional strategies should be prioritized, especially in “breakfast skippers” adolescents living with overweight/obesity.

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Growth in achondroplasia, from birth to adulthood, analysed by the JPA-2 model

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2020-0298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 1589-1595

Author(s):

Mariana del Pino ◽

Virginia Fano ◽

Paula Adamo

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Growth Curve ◽

Growth Velocity ◽

Adult Height ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Growth ◽

Individual Growth ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity

AbstractObjectivesIn general population, there are three phases in the human growth curve: infancy, childhood and puberty, with different main factors involved in their regulation and mathematical models to fit them. Achondroplasia children experience a fast decreasing growth during infancy and an “adolescent growth spurt”; however, there are no longitudinal studies that cover the analysis of the whole post-natal growth. Here we analyse the whole growth curve from infancy to adulthood applying the JPA-2 mathematical model.MethodsTwenty-seven patients, 17 girls and 10 boys with achondroplasia, who reached adult size, were included. Height growth data was collected from birth until adulthood. Individual growth curves were estimated by fitting the JPA-2 model to each individual’s height for age data.ResultsHeight growth velocity curves show that after a period of fast decreasing growth velocity since birth, with a mean of 9.7 cm/year at 1 year old, the growth velocity is stable in late preschool years, with a mean of 4.2 cm/year. In boys, age and peak height velocity in puberty were 13.75 years and 5.08 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 130.52 cm. In girls, the age and peak height velocity in puberty were 11.1 years and 4.32 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 119.2 cm.ConclusionsThe study of individual growth curves in achondroplasia children by the JPA-2 model shows the three periods, infancy, childhood and puberty, with a similar shape but lesser in magnitude than general population.

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